Top 20 SAP Testing Interview Questions and Answers


<p>Software testing is a process to check a software or an application for any defects, identify and rectify those defects to ensure the system meets its requirements. Software testing is  majorly categorised as Functional and Non functioning testing. These types are further divided into various types. </p>



<p>Let us consider an example of an online shopping application. Imagine this system to have different states like Empty cart, Adding items, Removing items and so on. The transition from these states can be represented with a graph. This takes us to the topic of this blog &#8211; <em>Graph Based Testing.</em></p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_State_or_Graph_based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is State or Graph based Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_different_types_of_Graph_based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> What are the different types of Graph based Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Advantages_of_Graph_based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Advantages of Graph based Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Disadvantages_of_Graph_based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Disadvantages of Graph based Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Steps_for_Graph_based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Steps for Graph based Testing</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_automate_Graph_based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> How to automate Graph based Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_challenges_for_Graph_based_testing_automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> What are the challenges for Graph based testing automation?</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">9</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_flow_graph_and_path_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">9.1</span> What is flow graph and path testing?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-state-or-graph-based-testing"><span id="What_is_State_or_Graph_based_Testing"><strong>What is State or Graph based Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Graph based testing is a method to test a software or an application by representing it as a graph. The graph consists of nodes that represent different components or states and edges that represent the transitions or interactions between these nodes. The goal of this approach is to test different scenarios by traversing through this graph created for the software.</p>



<h2 id="what-are-the-different-types-of-graph-based-testing"><span id="What_are_the_different_types_of_Graph_based_Testing"><strong>What are the different types of Graph based Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>There are different types of graph testing approaches based on different requirements. Let us discuss some of them here.</p>



<ol><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/state-transition-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">State Transition Testing</a> &#8211; This is used for testing transitions between different states in a software. This approach is used when a software has multiple states and the transitions between states should be represented.</li></ol>



<ol start="2"><li>Data Flow Testing &#8211; This is to test the input, transition and output of data in a system. It ensures that the data is rightly being used and manipulated in a system.</li></ol>



<ol start="3"><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/control-flow-graph-in-software-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Control Flow Testing</a> &#8211; This method is used to test the control within the software code. The control flow graph is designed to represent different branches of code that helps in designing different test cases.</li></ol>



<ol start="4"><li>Interaction Flow Testing &#8211; This is used to test different interactions between components in a software. This graph is used to write different test cases that help in testing all possible scenarios.</li></ol>



<h2 id="advantages-of-graph-based-testing"><span id="Advantages_of_Graph_based_Testing"><strong>Advantages of Graph based Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p>There are various advantages of graph based testing predominantly in systems with complex workflows. Let us know some of the advantages here.</p>



<ol><li>Graph based approach gives a visual representation of the workflow within a software. This helps the testers to understand better and also test different scenarios.</li></ol>



<ol start="2"><li>Graph based testing approach helps the testers to test different scenarios at earlier stages of software development. This helps to reduce the cost and effort at a later stage of development.</li></ol>



<ol start="3"><li>Systems where there are state based transitions and complex user interfaces benefit from graph based testing.</li></ol>



<ol start="4"><li>Graph based models represent different states, their transitions and workflow within an application. This helps testers to design a large number of test scenarios which in turn makes the application more stable and efficient.</li></ol>



<ol start="5"><li>Graph based testing helps in test automation. This testing follows certain paths and transitions that can be automated. Automation tools can navigate these paths, execute the test cases and check the system efficiency.</li></ol>



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<h2 id="disadvantages-of-graph-based-testing"><span id="Disadvantages_of_Graph_based_Testing"><strong>Disadvantages of Graph based Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p>Every approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. Likewise, let us discuss some of the disadvantages of graph based testing in this section.</p>



<ol><li>Designing graph models can be complex and challenging. Also, designing test cases based on complex graphs can be a time consuming task.</li></ol>



<ol start="2"><li>With increasing software complexity, the graph needs to change which can be time consuming, complex and difficult to understand.</li></ol>



<ol start="3"><li>Designing these graphs needs expertise and dedication. The experts should design, maintain and write test cases for these graph models. This can be a barrier in some projects.</li></ol>



<ol start="4"><li>Different softwares would have different workflow and hence require different graph models. This lacks in standardisation and hence testers need time to understand and test new projects.</li></ol>



<ol start="5"><li>Graph models are to be designed such that it covers all the states and their transitions. Any deviation would result in missing some test cases. This in turn increases unidentified defects.</li></ol>



<h2 id="steps-for-graph-based-testing"><span id="Steps_for_Graph_based_Testing"><strong>Steps for Graph based Testing</strong></span></h2>



<ol><li><strong>Identify the test requirements &#8211;</strong> Understand the system for which the graph needs to be designed &#8211; its components , their transitions and the interactions between them. Define the goals and objectives of this method of testing. Choose the type of graph testing required.&nbsp;</li></ol>



<ol start="2"><li><strong>Build the graph model</strong> &#8211; Design the graph model based on the type selected. Represent each state or component and their interactions using edges and nodes respectively. Make sure to include all the states and all possible interactions are covered so the test cases can be built efficiently.</li></ol>



<ol start="3"><li><strong>Select the path to cover the requirements &#8211; </strong>Once the model is ready, identify the test cases, paths and scenarios that need to be tested<strong>. </strong>Design the test cases based on these observations. The test cases are to be written such that all possible scenarios are covered.</li></ol>



<ol start="4"><li><strong>Select the data to be entered &#8211;</strong> Once the test cases are ready, specify the data input for each test case. Execute the test cases based on the input selected. Record these test results and analyse to make fixes if required.</li></ol>



<h2 id="how-to-automate-graph-based-testing"><span id="How_to_automate_Graph_based_Testing"><strong>How to automate Graph based Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test automation</a> is the best way to achieve maximum results with minimum manual&nbsp; effort and time. Automating the graph based testing, primarily requires you to understand the model thoroughly. Some of the basic things to be followed for automating are &#8211;&nbsp;</p>



<ol><li>Selecting the right automation tool.</li><li>Understanding the model and writing automated test scripts.</li><li>Designing navigation logic to traverse through the graph. Also, handling decision points if there are branches in the graph.</li><li>Parameterise the test data to achieve reusability and flexibility.</li></ol>



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<h2 id="what-are-the-challenges-for-graph-based-testing-automation"><span id="What_are_the_challenges_for_Graph_based_testing_automation"><strong>What are the challenges for Graph based testing automation?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Although automation of graph based testing is possible, it can also be challenging. Let us see some of those challenges here.</p>



<ol><li>Complex applications require complex graph models. This can pose a problem for automation.</li></ol>



<ol start="2"><li>Any changes to an application requires change in graph models. This in turn requires change in automation scripts. This can be a maintenance overhead and also time consuming.</li></ol>



<ol start="3"><li>Some graph based testing may have some scenarios where the automation tool is not efficient enough. Tool flexibility is also a concern.</li></ol>



<ol start="4"><li>Learning graph based testing is a task. In addition to this, learning a tool as well can be overwhelming for a team.</li></ol>



<h2 id="conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>So far in this blog, we have tried to address the meaning, advantages, disadvantages , automation and the challenges for automation of graph based testing. Although there are challenges, graph based testing is the most effective way of testing for complex systems. It helps in early defect detection and covering more test cases. In conclusion, graph based testing is an effective and visual approach of testing by representing states and their transitions using graphs.</p>



<h2 id="frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="what-is-flow-graph-and-path-testing"><span id="What_is_flow_graph_and_path_testing"><strong>What is flow graph and path testing?</strong></span></h3>



<p><a href="https://www.javatpoint.com/flow-graph" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flow graph</a> is a graph that represents the control flow of a program. It is used to show how the statements and functions in a program are executed. Flow graph testing is a method of testing the flow graph in a program.</p>



<p>Path testing is an approach that is used to cover different scenarios or use cases in a program. It is used to make sure that all possible paths of a program are tested.</p>



<p>Would you like to know more about <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/software-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Software Testing</a>? Follow the below links &#8211;&nbsp;</p>



<ol><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/phases-of-testing/">6 Key Phases of Testing in Software Testing (testsigma.com)</a></li><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/goals-of-software-testing/">What Are the Ultimate Goals of Software Testing? (testsigma.com)</a></li></ol>


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SAP Regression Testing | What it is & Why it Matters?

Insomnia vs Postman Which is better for your project

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<p id="h-schema-validation-in-api-testing-emerges-as-a-pivotal-process-for-maintaining-the-integrity-and-functionality-of-apis-this-article-delves-into-the-what-why-and-how-of-schema-validation-providing-insights-for-everyone-from-manual-testers-to-c-level-executives-involved-in-software-development-by-implementing-schema-validation-developers-and-testers-can-detect-and-rectify-discrepancies-in-api-responses-early-in-the-development-process-leading-to-more-reliable-and-robust-applications">Schema validation in API testing emerges as a pivotal process for maintaining the integrity and functionality of APIs. This article delves into the what, why, and how of schema validation, providing insights for everyone from manual testers to C-level executives involved in software development. By implementing schema validation, developers and testers can detect and rectify discrepancies in API responses early in the development process, leading to more reliable and robust applications.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Schema_in_API"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Schema in API?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_JSON_Schema_Validation_in_API_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> What is JSON Schema Validation in API Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_Schema_Validation_in_API_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Why Schema Validation in API Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#JSON_Schema_Implementation_with_Testsigma"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> JSON Schema Implementation with Testsigma</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Validate_Schema_with_an_Automated_Test"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> How to Validate Schema with an Automated Test?</a></li><li><a href="#How_JSON_Schema_Helps_Improve_Your_API_Design_and_Documentation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> How JSON Schema Helps Improve Your API Design and Documentation</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_schema_in_API"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.1</span> What is schema in API?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_validate_API_schema_in_Postman"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.2</span> How to validate API schema in Postman?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_create_a_schema_for_API"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.3</span> How to create a schema for API?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-schema-in-api"><span id="What_is_Schema_in_API"><strong>What is Schema in API?</strong></span></h2>



<p>A schema in API context refers to the structured layout or blueprint of data expected in API requests and responses. It&#8217;s akin to a contract between the API and its consumers detailing the data format, type, and constraints. This structure is essential for APIs to function correctly and consistently.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-is-json-schema-validation-in-api-testing"><span id="What_is_JSON_Schema_Validation_in_API_Testing"><strong>What is JSON Schema Validation in API Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Schema validation in API testing is a crucial process where the structure of the JSON response from an API is checked against a predefined schema. This schema, often defined using JSON Schema, outlines the expected format, data types, and other constraints for the data returned by the API. By validating the API response against this schema, testers can ensure that the data conforms to the expected structure, essential for the seamless integration of different systems. This process helps identify any deviations or errors in the API response, ensuring the reliability and consistency of the API&#8217;s functionality.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-schema-validation-in-api-testing"><span id="Why_Schema_Validation_in_API_Testing"><strong>Why Schema Validation in API Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Schema validation in <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/api-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">API testing</a> is vital for ensuring data consistency and reliability. It acts as a first line of defense against data corruption and unexpected changes in the API&#8217;s output, safeguarding the integration of various systems that depend on this data. By confirming that the API responses adhere to a predefined structure and set of rules, schema validation helps catch errors early in the development cycle, reducing the risk of bugs and inconsistencies in production. This practice ultimately leads to more robust and stable software systems, enhancing the overall quality of the application.</p>



<h2 id="h-json-schema-implementation-with-testsigma"><span id="JSON_Schema_Implementation_with_Testsigma"><strong>JSON Schema Implementation with Testsigma</strong></span></h2>



<p>Implementing <a href="https://testsigma.com/tutorials/rest-api-testing/json-schema-validation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JSON Schema</a> with Testsigma involves several steps. Including:</p>



<ol><li><strong>Understand JSON Schema</strong>: Familiarize yourself with JSON Schema, a powerful tool for validating JSON data structure.</li><li><strong>Define JSON Schema</strong>: Create a JSON Schema definition for your API response. This will be a blueprint of the expected data format.</li><li><strong>Set Up Testsigma Environment:</strong> Ensure your Testsigma environment is ready for API testing.</li><li><strong>Create API Test</strong>: In Testsigma, create a new API test where you&#8217;ll validate the JSON response.</li><li><strong>Fetch API Response:</strong> Write a test case to send a request to your API and receive the response.</li><li><strong>Validate Response Against Schema</strong>: Use Testsigma&#8217;s capabilities to validate the received JSON response against your defined JSON Schema.</li><li><strong>Add Assertions</strong>: Add assertions in Testsigma to check if the response adheres to the JSON Schema.</li><li><strong>Run Tests</strong>: Execute your tests in Testsigma to see if the API responses are as expected.</li><li><strong>Analyze Results</strong>: Check the test results in Testsigma for any discrepancies or failures in schema validation.</li><li>Refine and Iterate: Based on the results, refine your JSON Schema and test cases for better coverage and accuracy.&nbsp;</li></ol>



<p>For instance, if you&#8217;re testing an API that returns user data, your JSON Schema might define expected fields like name, email, and id. Your test in Testsigma would validate if every API response correctly follows this structure.</p>



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<h2 id="h-how-to-validate-schema-with-an-automated-test"><span id="How_to_Validate_Schema_with_an_Automated_Test"><strong>How to Validate Schema with an Automated Test?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Validating a schema with an <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated test</a> in Testsigma can be broken down into a series of straightforward steps. Here&#8217;s a concise guide:</p>



<ol><li><strong>Define Your Schema</strong>: Define the schema your API response should adhere to. This schema is a structured template outlining the expected format of your JSON response.</li></ol>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/AfjTvGxZO0KxsF0GnzNb7Yz27Y8gq-iUMcOruezqqs9AJ7JYiAq5osOhiB6j7ZBnmMhtBeIcQBGvU5y32-4YA-Zhf8BTYlV1BHPaMAApRsGFpU1VZaB_OLQb62lgECSHl9riMtHbFlNB9oTyNF8CbpQ" alt="JSON"/></figure></div>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Qwd9A99bkksnYTdj7X49uc2fBgnaHrf6H0KvKscceW3Zy5RoBY8SASPPZTZep1coBB3zeR7BOKbCRp67-UPeLBIuk1eGfBQ20DZsV_vb84ba4TKf8alfOAqp-ADmAuusfSQsMhqpnJj-f8zsT89bi04" alt="Schema"/></figure></div>



<ol start="2"><li><strong>Create a New Test Case in Testsigma</strong>: In Testsigma, create a new test case for the specific API endpoint you want to validate&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Configure the API Request</strong>: Set up the API request within Testsigma, specifying the endpoint, request method, and any necessary headers or parameters.</li></ol>



<p>For example, I have a GET request: <a href="https://dummyjson.com/products/1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://dummyjson.com/products/1</a> with the following response:<br></p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/7npFDFjN5xqbBK1Qvh6A0Ggew8rdWATA0qrpRf9WQ8ZMqVc0cr-fOPyeXO8yp4rvTTADOxtYuZm90IbFx6-4llDkkfiMcZR1MM3UC3VuikhmIDq4YL5PVfqxDq77O8t7YlkzcEIE4a33Oh5d8kB7fIY" alt="API Request"/></figure></div>



<ol start="4"><li><strong>Verify your JSON schema</strong>: Verify your JSON schema by clicking the verify response body button and setting the verification type to SCHEMA, as in the image below</li></ol>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/IZkkQLvkM4pqXBstP5NZvfgqrLuV-0S0HvcakOOHBlK1GsZabvyfmXOf_ofuxRdqEcXBCrhMzwgJmJvuP7TH0N8RlfH-eBk5OhOvdbblubEtUrcq-VKOvYCH954XS2WFjprlA16M5ybiaZxQkoiZnjs" alt="Verify your JSON schema"/></figure>



<p>Click on CREATE to save in the verification tab</p>



<ol start="5"><li><strong>Apply Schema Validation</strong>: Utilize Testsigma&#8217;s capabilities to validate the received response against your predefined schema. This step ensures the response adheres to the expected format and data types.</li></ol>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/2jWuUaaV6IP_oKBtagS_Ged828w1IWUw_S3Hl5EnZCw_HmnUwX1MP829UI1y72L1fM5446wloFQrbWzZyQNJSNPmVX-6BGRT0zvApwcH-VcasIZkkFGyhUaR6bItLoZZeJwtxyqU8f4AGoyY2n11GPw" alt="Json Path"/></figure></div>



<ol start="6"><li><strong>Analyze Results</strong>: Examine the test results in Testsigma to identify any deviations from the schema.</li></ol>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/CodpUUFRYydzy-23H0nxIkEIQYIPswJRfTE18vg509DLTGQ-ZQNaZi9My6kajFIuCzPD--8P5gFDPgwGU4tiHNZBXFxxIjzt3GwnyzetDGMIMTS9prqV3ltz7OqetfBV_h6L4ZN99cHjIyiBeVAtAao" alt="verify product ID"/></figure></div>



<h2 id="how-json-schema-helps-improve-your-api-design-and-documentation"><span id="How_JSON_Schema_Helps_Improve_Your_API_Design_and_Documentation"><strong>How JSON Schema Helps Improve Your API Design and Documentation</strong></span></h2>



<p>JSON Schema significantly enhances API design and documentation by providing a clear and concise structure for API responses. It acts as a contract that dictates the data format, type, and structure, leading to more consistent and predictable APIs. This standardization facilitates easier integration and interoperability between different systems and streamlines the development process by setting clear expectations for both producers and consumers of the API. Furthermore, JSON Schema serves as a self-documenting mechanism, making it easier for developers to understand the API&#8217;s data model, improving collaboration, and speeding up the development lifecycle.</p>



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<h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>Schema validation is crucial in API testing as it enforces structure, consistency, and accuracy in API responses. This process not only ensures that the APIs meet their intended specifications but also significantly reduces the likelihood of errors in data exchange, thereby enhancing the reliability of the overall application.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By integrating schema validation into API testing workflows, developers and testers can achieve more robust and dependable APIs, leading to better user experiences and more efficient development cycles.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-schema-in-api-1"><span id="What_is_schema_in_API"><strong>What is schema in API?</strong></span></h3>



<p>A schema in an API context refers to a predefined structure for the data an API should return. It specifies the format, type, and arrangement of data expected in the API response. This schema acts as a blueprint, helping to maintain consistency and clarity in the data exchanged between the API and its consumers, thus ensuring that the API behaves as expected.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-validate-api-schema-in-postman"><span id="How_to_validate_API_schema_in_Postman"><strong>How to validate API schema in Postman?</strong></span></h3>



<p>To validate the API schema in Postman, you need to write a test script in JavaScript that compares the API response against a predefined JSON schema. This is done using the pm.test function to create a test case, and then using pm.expect to assert that the API response adheres to the specified schema. Postman&#8217;s built-in support for JSON schema validation makes this process straightforward.</p>



<p>An image of a JSON schema validation in Postman</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ZW3IqHu07ccLCc35I0oWkJPKPHAzrNx7DgyZVJiVF6DCCdkt61BQWl9QbGpyVQs66XDzCMqOWK-tjHwmQ_r6btsX-sJtFBfwPSCy3KnKERFruHnwRVsH_tmX6ibOMZpUBzimpyIJp0AGGOOC7BX3KSQ" alt="Json schema"/></figure></div>



<h3 id="h-how-to-create-a-schema-for-api"><span id="How_to_create_a_schema_for_API"><strong>How to create a schema for API?</strong></span></h3>



<p>Creating a schema for an API involves defining the structure, types, and constraints of the data expected in the API response. Typically, this is done using JSON or XML Schema languages, where you outline the required fields, data types, and rules like minimum/maximum values or specific formats. Tools like <a href="https://swagger.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">Swagger</a> or <a href="https://www.openapis.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">OpenAPI</a> can be used to assist in creating and visualizing the API schema in a more user-friendly format.</p>


Schema Validation in API Testing Why & How to Perform