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<p>Software testing is an important process in the software development life cycle where a product or an application is completely tested against the given requirements. The purpose of this process is to produce a product that is reliable and functional and works correctly.&nbsp; Software testers raise bugs if there are any deviations or errors in the software. In software testing, the product or the application being tested is called the test object.&nbsp;</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_a_Test_objectnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is a Test object?&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Why_are_Test_objects_importantnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Why are Test objects important?&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Test_objects_in_a_Test_Plan"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Test objects in a Test Plan</a></li><li><a href="#Types_of_Test_objects"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Types of Test objects</a></li><li><a href="#Test_object_example_of_a_webshop"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Test object example of a webshop</a></li><li><a href="#nbspHow_do_you_create_a_test_object"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> &nbsp;How do you create a test object?</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_a_test_basis"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.1</span> What is a test basis?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_the_difference_between_a_test_object_and_a_test_item"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.2</span> What is the difference between a test object and a test item?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_test_objects_in_codeless_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.3</span> What are test objects in codeless testing?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-a-test-object"><span id="What_is_a_Test_objectnbsp">What is a Test object?&nbsp;</span></h2>



<p>Test object in software testing is the application or the system being tested. The test object can be the entire system or a module of that system. It can also be a line of code being tested.Test objects are the elements of a system that are tested to ensure that the system functions as per the given requirements. It is important to test these test objects to ensure the system’s reliability and productivity.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-are-test-objects-important"><span id="Why_are_Test_objects_importantnbsp">Why are Test objects important?&nbsp;</span></h2>



<p>Here are some of the key points to highlight the importance of test objects.</p>



<ol><li>Each method or function at unit level represents test objects. Testing them at this stage, helps in early detection of defects and thus produces a stable software.</li><li>Test objects are also used in <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Automation testing</a>. This testing is preferred when there are a large number of test objects or when tests are to be repeated multiple times.</li><li>APIs and modules represent test objects at integration level. Testing a seamless interaction between these objects detects any deviations.</li><li>During regression testing, previously tested components , features and fixed bugs become the test objects. This makes sure that the changes are not affecting the stability of a software.</li><li>For security testing, components with respect to authentication, data encryption, and authorization become important test objects. It is vital to ensure security of these components.</li></ol>



<h2 id="h-test-objects-in-a-test-plan"><span id="Test_objects_in_a_Test_Plan">Test objects in a Test Plan</span></h2>



<p>Test plan is a document that serves as a roadmap for testing a software. It provides the approach, objectives, resources, scope, and schedule for testing the software. It helps the test team to understand how to test to ensure the stability and quality of the software.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In a test plan, test objects are the entities or the components that are targeted for testing. Test objects in a test plan ensure that all aspects of the software are thoroughly tested. Here are the steps on how the test objects are incorporated in a test plan-</p>



<ol><li>Test plan should first identify the test objects to be tested. It can be methods, components, modules, databases, and so on based on the type of testing.</li><li>Assigning the identified test objects to specific team members for testing. This gives clarity on who is testing which component.</li><li>Deciding the type of test required for all the test objects.</li><li>Identify the high-risk test objects and prioritize their testing. Also, identify the interactions between the test objects to test.</li><li>Ensure that all the test objects and their dependencies are tested. And all the test criteria are met.</li><li>Report all the details of the test objects. Document all the test details for reference.</li></ol>



<h2 id="h-types-of-test-objects"><span id="Types_of_Test_objects">Types of Test objects</span></h2>



<p>In software testing, test objects are components or modules within a software system that are subject to testing. These objects vary depending on the type of testing being conducted. Here are some of the types of test objects-</p>



<ol><li><strong>Websites as test objects&nbsp;</strong></li></ol>



<p>Websites act as test objects when web applications or online services are being tested. Websites are tested for functionality, stability and performance across different devices and browsers. <a href="https://testsigma.com/website-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Website Testing</a> includes verifying all the links, testing different functionalities, performance testing and security testing.</p>



<ol start="2"><li><strong>Mobile apps as test objects</strong></li></ol>



<p>Mobile apps act as test objects for testing mobile applications. Mobile apps as test objects are tested for their performance and functionality as per requirement. They are also tested to check their performance across different devices and operating systems.</p>



<ol start="3"><li><strong>Internet of Things and Wearables as </strong><strong>test objects</strong></li></ol>



<p>Internet of Things and Wearables are tested for their performance, user experience, security, and functionality. Functionality testing includes testing sensors, communication, and actuators. Security testing includes testing access control, data encryption, and authentication methods.</p>



<ol start="4"><li><strong>Games as test objects</strong></li></ol>



<p>Testing games include testing their performance across various platforms, such as laptops, browsers, operating systems, and mobile applications. They are also tested to be user-friendly, engaging, and easy to use.&nbsp;</p>



<ol start="5"><li><strong>Chatbots and Virtual Assistants as test objects</strong></li></ol>



<p>Chatbots and Virtual Assistants are applications of artificial intelligence and natural language processing technologies. Evaluating their performance, usability, accuracy, and natural language processing capabilities is a part of testing these applications.</p>



<ol start="6"><li><strong>SaaS category test objects</strong></li></ol>



<p>Software as a Service(SaaS) is a cloud-based model where security, scalability, performance, and functionality are tested. <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-api-endpoints/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testing of API endpoints</a>, request and response formats, data formats, and error handling are a part of testing.</p>



<h2 id="h-test-object-example-of-a-webshop"><span id="Test_object_example_of_a_webshop">Test object example of a webshop</span></h2>



<p>A webshop, commonly known as an e-commerce website or an online store, is a digital platform where businesses sell their services or products over the internet. This platform facilitates its users to browse, select and buy their products virtually, without physically visiting a store. The advantage here is the increased accessibility and the reach to global audiences. In a webshop, test objects are its functionalities and components that are tested to make sure they work as per requirement. Some of the test objects in a webshop are-</p>



<ol><li>Search and filter options to ensure the products are easily accessible to users.</li><li>Add or remove from cart, increase or decrease the number of products, wishlist, and add coupons while checkout.</li><li>Checkout process, Payment window, and interaction between the app and payment applications.</li><li>Customer support windows such as the live chat, emails and contact forms.</li><li>User registration and verification mechanisms, security of sensitive user and payment information, and access controls.</li></ol>



<h2 id="h-how-do-you-create-a-test-object"><span id="nbspHow_do_you_create_a_test_object">&nbsp;How do you create a test object?</span></h2>



<p>Creating a test object in manual testing includes the following steps-</p>



<ol><li>Identifying the components to test &#8211; based on the requirement given and functionalities to test.</li><li>Create test cases to test these components. Ensure that the test cases cover all possible aspects of a component.</li><li>Formulate the valid inputs for each test case and execute the test cases.</li><li>Record the test case results and analyze them against the given requirements.&nbsp;</li><li>Report bugs for the cases where there is a deviation from the given requirement.</li></ol>



<p>Creating a test object in automation testing includes the following steps-</p>



<ol><li>Analyze the application to be tested and identify the components of the application that are to be tested.</li><li>Selection of an automation tool that is suitable for the said application and has all the necessary features. Testsigma is a tool that can be used for automation.</li></ol>



<p><br><p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Check out Testsigma for your test automation needs</a></button></p><br></p>



<ol start="3"><li>Represent the test object locators by using the right syntax and methods in the automation tool. The test object locators are the unique identifiers such as ID, name, class, and so on.&nbsp;</li><li>Create the test objects by defining functions and methods for common actions.</li><li>Implement and execute the test scripts in the tool. Monitor the tests and report any bugs.</li></ol>



<h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion">Conclusion</span></h2>



<p>Test objects act as the basic entities in software testing allowing the testers to analyze the functionality, performance, security, and scalability of a software.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Irrespective of manual testing or automation testing, test objects are the vital components that represent the components that are to be tested against the given requirement.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions">Frequently Asked Questions</span></h2>



<h3 id="what-is-a-test-basis"><span id="What_is_a_test_basis">What is a test basis?</span></h3>



<p>It is a document or a set of requirements that form the basis for creating test cases. It provides the information to design, create, and execute test cases.</p>



<h3 id="what-is-the-difference-between-a-test-object-and-a-test-item"><span id="What_is_the_difference_between_a_test_object_and_a_test_item">What is the difference between a test object and a test item?</span></h3>



<p>Test object represents a specific component that is being tested, whereas test item is an entity that includes the test object along with test documents, artifacts, requirements, and other related items.</p>



<h3 id="what-are-test-objects-in-codeless-testing"><span id="What_are_test_objects_in_codeless_testing">What are test objects in codeless testing?</span></h3>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/codeless-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Codeless testing</a>&nbsp; also called as no code testing, is a process where tests are created and automated without writing any code. Test objects, in this case, are the components that are selected, validated, and interacted with during the automated test process.</p>


Test objects in software testing | Types & How to Create it?

How To Write Calculator Test Cases With Sample Test Cases

How To Write Calculator Test Cases? With Sample Test Cases


<p>In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands out as the next frontier, promising transformative advancements in various domains. From intelligent automation to predictive analytics, AI has the potential to reshape the way we live and work. Harnessing the power of AI not only opens doors to innovation but also presents the need for meticulous testing to ensure its reliability and effectiveness.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In this blog, we&#8217;ll delve into the world of testing AI, exploring the challenges, strategies, and best practices to ensure the seamless integration and optimal performance of AI-powered systems. Embracing AI is not just a technological leap; it&#8217;s a journey that demands a robust testing framework to unlock its full potential. In this blog, you will learn all about the strategies and best practices of testing AI.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><ul><li><a href="#Understanding_the_AI_Landscape"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">0.1</span> Understanding the AI Landscape</a></li><li><a href="#Strategies_for_Testing_AI"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">0.2</span> Strategies for Testing AI</a></li><li><a href="#Best_Practices_for_AI_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">0.3</span> Best Practices for AI Testing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#HOW_to_test_AI"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> HOW to test AI?</a></li><li><a href="#TIPS_for_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> TIPS for testing</a></li><li><a href="#ETAL"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> ET;AL</a></li></ul></div>
<h3 id="h-understanding-the-ai-landscape"><span id="Understanding_the_AI_Landscape"><strong>Understanding the AI Landscape</strong></span></h3>



<p><strong>The Rise of AI</strong></p>



<p>Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a driving force behind numerous technological advancements. From machine learning algorithms to natural language processing, AI systems are becoming integral to applications ranging from healthcare to finance and beyond. As organizations increasingly incorporate AI into their products and services, the importance of rigorous testing cannot be overstated.</p>



<p><strong>Challenges in Testing AI</strong></p>



<p>Testing AI systems poses unique challenges compared to traditional software testing. One major challenge is the complexity of AI algorithms, which often involve intricate neural networks and deep learning models. Ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and ethical considerations of these systems requires a specialized approach that goes beyond conventional testing methodologies.</p>



<h3 id="h-strategies-for-testing-ai"><span id="Strategies_for_Testing_AI"><strong>Strategies for Testing AI</strong></span></h3>



<p><em>Data Quality and Bias Testing:</em></p>



<p>AI models heavily depend on the quality and diversity of training data. Testing must include checks for biased data and the potential reinforcement of societal prejudices. A comprehensive strategy involves identifying and rectifying bias in training datasets to ensure fair and ethical AI.</p>



<p><em>Performance Testing:</em></p>



<p>The performance of an AI system is crucial for its effectiveness. Performance testing involves evaluating how well the system handles varying workloads, data volumes, and concurrent users. This ensures optimal responsiveness and resource utilization.</p>



<p><em>Explainability and Transparency Testing:</em></p>



<p>AI decisions can sometimes seem like a &#8220;black box,&#8221; making it challenging to understand the reasoning behind specific outcomes. Testing for explainability and transparency involves validating that AI models can provide comprehensible explanations for their decisions, crucial for regulatory compliance and user trust.</p>



<p><em>Security Testing:</em></p>



<p>AI systems are susceptible to adversarial attacks. Security testing is essential to identify and address vulnerabilities that could compromise the confidentiality and integrity of the AI model, ensuring robust protection against potential threats.</p>



<p>As per the above strategies we should not forget that AI testing will also follow something we all are aware of which is the testing lifecycle and this is vital because it will mean that there is a process to follow just like testers follow in their day to day testing.&nbsp;</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/_t1eDvF60fuB7dOTvgTSuhp5IGh_H9IYGBgB3E6OgHUSWX-dVAJ6KKkm2mWhv3KYdThLE1tRAC0zWMMQVMFpy9B8nSEGE2DCSlldd5sqCFdt6GAOcuMlfObbgGpozDOGnTR2Ib8GkHkNc7pYNF1YGEw" alt="Software testing lifecycle" /></figure></div>



<p><a href="https://katalon.com/resources-center/blog/ai-testing"></a></p>



<h3 id="h-best-practices-for-ai-testing"><span id="Best_Practices_for_AI_Testing"><strong>Best Practices for AI Testing</strong></span></h3>



<p><em>Comprehensive Test Coverage:</em></p>



<p>Encompass various testing types, including unit testing, integration testing, and end-to-end testing, to provide comprehensive coverage. This ensures that every aspect of the AI system, from individual components to the integrated solution, is thoroughly tested.</p>



<p><em><a href="https://testsigma.com/continuous-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Continuous Testing</a>:</em></p>



<p>Implement continuous testing practices to integrate testing seamlessly into the AI development pipeline. This enables quick feedback on changes, accelerates the development lifecycle, and enhances the overall quality of the AI system.</p>



<p><em>Collaboration Across Teams:</em></p>



<p>Promote collaboration between data scientists, developers, and testers. Effective communication ensures a shared understanding of requirements, objectives, and potential challenges, fostering a collaborative testing environment.</p>



<p><em>Adopting AI in Test Automation:</em></p>



<p>Leverage AI in test automation to enhance efficiency and accuracy. <a href="https://testsigma.com/tools/ai-testing-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI testing tools</a> can intelligently identify test scenarios, predict potential issues, and autonomously execute repetitive testing tasks, allowing testers to focus on more complex aspects.</p>



<p>Apart from the above there are more best practises such as :</p>



<ul><li>Clearly define the objectives, scope, and success criteria of your AI testing efforts. Determine the specific aspects of the AI system to be tested, such as accuracy, performance, robustness, and fairness.</li><li>Ensure high-quality training data is used to train the AI models. The training data should be representative, diverse, and cover various scenarios to promote accurate and unbiased learning.</li><li>Establish baseline metrics or results to compare the AI system&#8217;s performance against known benchmarks.</li><li>Leverage <a href="https://testsigma.com/data-driven-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data-driven testing</a> to achieve higher efficiency. AI-powered software testing tools are also helpful these days. If you decide to go with tools that support such testing, there are many popular names out there that support data-driven testing in many popular data formats to help you test AI-based systems better. </li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-test-ai"><span id="HOW_to_test_AI">HOW to test AI?</span></h2>



<p>Even Though we are hearing all about the rise of AI and Generative AI, one thing to not forget is that AI is helping us all test better and save testers a lot of time, however we need to factor in extra time for testing manually too as exploratory testing has shown many benefits as It helps review the quality of a product from a user perspective. Furthermore, AI cannot tell us about the look and feel of a product, so we cannot fully rely on AI.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Testing for AI systems comes with some challenges, and that means there is a need for some special techniques:&nbsp;</p>



<ul><li>The AI-based system test results can be Stochastic which means they generate different results for the same parameters&nbsp;</li><li>Stochastic results don&#8217;t mean the results are wrong, it means that we need to verify more details</li><li>Also there can be human bias when training the model/data which needs to be eliminated during AI testing</li><li>AI performs best when given advanced input models. If the inputs are not of high quality, the issues become more complicated, requiring a significant amount of time and effort to address.</li><li>AI is an intricate system, and even small defects are magnified significantly,also its not necessary that all results that don&#8217;t match are an anomaly. This problem becomes more challenging to resolve as well. However, with the help of the developers testers and developers can both crack the issue and find the solution. I have experienced this in the past with data science models and it can be daunting, but what is magic is “Pairing” when we pair with the developers who build the models, we can not only learn from them the intricacies but also test better.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-tips-for-testing"><span id="TIPS_for_testing">TIPS for testing</span></h2>



<ol><li>Check the input data and verify the data set used for the model</li><li>Check the SHAPE of your data, testing the outputs will explain if the values are of the right type and the data columns are matching</li><li>Have some bounds around averages Set some target result thresholds 3-5%-</li><li>Make sure no data dropped, no duplicates</li><li>Testing different parameters and trying to see the difference in results exploration of a model</li><li>As the model can provide<strong> random </strong>results each time you run &#8211; brace the uncertainty, try and understand if it&#8217;s still OK or a complete anomaly </li><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/exploratory-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exploratory test </a>the model(s), and it should help understand the system better and you </li></ol>



<h2 id="h-et-al"><span id="ETAL">ET;AL</span></h2>



<p>As AI continues to revolutionize industries, the role of testing becomes increasingly vital. By implementing robust testing strategies and embracing best practices, organizations can unleash the full potential of AI while ensuring its reliability, security, and ethical use. The journey into the era of AI is an exciting one, and with meticulous testing, we can navigate this frontier with confidence, unlocking unprecedented opportunities for innovation and advancement. Embrace the power of AI, test diligently, and pave the way for a future where intelligent systems redefine what&#8217;s possible.</p>


Why Test Artificial Intelligence (AI)?


<p>Writing test cases manually or through automation for a calendar involves understanding the calendar application requirements or acceptance criteria and business objectives. Additionally, you’ll want to consider usability and accessibility. After all, calendars are handy tools for everyone using a computer or other device.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Use requirements or even a mind map, or outline to begin separating individual test scenarios. Once you’ve gathered a checklist of test objectives you’re ready to get started writing quality test cases for calendars.&nbsp;</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><ul><li><a href="#Calendar_Test_Cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">0.1</span> Calendar Test Cases</a></li><li><a href="#High-Level_Test_Cases_For_Calendar_Application"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">0.2</span> High-Level Test Cases For Calendar Application</a></li><li><a href="#Positive_Test_Cases_for_Date_Field"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">0.3</span> Positive Test Cases for Date Field</a></li><li><a href="#Negative_Test_Cases_for_Date_Field"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">0.4</span> Negative Test Cases for Date Field</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#How_To_Write_Test_Cases_For_Calendar_Requirements"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> How To Write Test Cases For Calendar? (Requirements )</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Automate_Calendar_Test_Cases_with_Testsigma"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> How to Automate Calendar Test Cases with Testsigma?</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#How_to_test_a_date_picker_in_manual_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> How to test a date picker in manual testing?</a></li><li><a href="#How_do_I_automate_a_calendar_in_Selenium_WebDriver_for_automation_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> How do I automate a calendar in Selenium WebDriver for automation testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Examples_of_test_cases_for_calendar"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.3</span> Examples of test cases for calendar?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h3 id="calendar-test-cases"><span id="Calendar_Test_Cases"><strong>Calendar Test Cases</strong></span></h3>



<p>Calendar test cases can vary between calendar applications. It’s important for test validity to ensure you create a test case for each major functional scenario for your calendar application. Start by determining whether your test objectives fit as high-level, positive, or negative test cases. Leverage information in requirements, acceptance criteria, and testing standards to determine each test and where it fits. Write a test case for calendar applications that ensure a positive customer experience. </p>



<h3 id="high-level-test-cases-for-calendar-application"><span id="High-Level_Test_Cases_For_Calendar_Application"><strong>High-Level Test Cases For Calendar Application</strong></span></h3>



<ul><li>The app opens and displays essential features including month, day, and year in a standard calendar format.&nbsp;</li><li>Write test cases for calendars where users can switch between months.&nbsp;</li><li>Users should be able to switch between years.&nbsp;</li><li>Users should be able to click on a specific day.&nbsp;</li><li>Users should be able to click on a day and add an event.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h3 id="positive-test-cases-for-date-field"><span id="Positive_Test_Cases_for_Date_Field"><strong>Positive Test Cases for Date Field</strong></span></h3>



<ul><li>Enter a valid date in the expected format directly into the date field.&nbsp;</li><li>Users can open an added event on one date and directly change the date to a new, valid date.&nbsp;</li><li>Click to choose a valid date from a calendar selector tool in the same year.&nbsp;</li><li>Click to change the year and choose a valid date from a calendar selector tool.&nbsp;</li><li>Include a test case for the calendar app that includes entering a valid date in the past.&nbsp;</li><li>Enter a valid date in the future.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h3 id="negative-test-cases-for-date-field"><span id="Negative_Test_Cases_for_Date_Field"><strong>Negative Test Cases for Date Field</strong></span></h3>



<ul><li>A date entered in an invalid format (YYMMDD, DDYYMM for example). </li><li>Enter a date with extra characters (12//12//2023 for example). </li><li>Enter a date with alpha characters (invalid data for example: 12/AB/CD).</li><li>Enter a date without the / characters, assuming the / character is valid. </li><li>Enter a date that does not exist (12/32/2023 or 11/00/2023).</li></ul>



<h2 id="how-to-write-test-cases-for-calendar-requirements"><span id="How_To_Write_Test_Cases_For_Calendar_Requirements"><strong>How To Write Test Cases For Calendar? (Requirements )</strong></span></h2>



<ul><li>Follow test case writing best practices by following a <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-case-template/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test case template</a>, or creating one that meets your QA team’s requirements. </li><li>Use a plain language format to outline each required test case objective. </li><li>Create tests in a modular design to facilitate test automation for end-to-end tests. </li><li>Ensure each requirement or acceptance criteria is covered with at least one test case. </li><li>Design test cases for calendars that cover the expected user workflow for the calendar in full. </li></ul>



<h2 id="how-to-automate-calendar-test-cases-with-testsigma"><span id="How_to_Automate_Calendar_Test_Cases_with_Testsigma"><strong>How to Automate Calendar Test Cases with Testsigma?</strong></span></h2>



<ul><li>Write scripts in plain English similar to a manual test case. </li><li>Record the steps you take within the calendar app and generate automated tests at the click of a button. </li><li>Once tests are written create an execution schedule. </li><li>Start by executing the test locally on the preferred browser. </li><li>Execute tests across supported browsers in the Testsigma system. </li><li>Execute tests on various supported devices within the Testsigma system. </li></ul>



<p>Sample Testsigman plain English script:</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/5ucBtbrFRwprxcccbSHJt-q9_wZmb3PzK-8Jq5uhlw1UamsA1FujzBrBO3R4Bw1XGjo4M3-7KleHECXMS_vfxlats1Wq1eo0zX2J5sSMkN6IU8D1s_Q2KC03rT8usQLtjCob0I6U2veinhpzgUKPixE" alt="registeration form" /></figure></div>



<br><p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://testsigma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Learn more about automating your testcases with Testsigma</a></button></p><br>



<h2 id="conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>Careful planning and attention to detail are critical when writing valid, useful test cases that can be reused. Whether tests are written manually or developed with test automation, make sure the scripts are clearly written and accurate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Consider using a test case template for either manual or test automation to ensure every test case has the necessary information for tracking execution status and any identified defects.&nbsp;</p>



<br><p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Learn more about automating your tests here</a></button></p><br>



<h2 id="frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="how-to-test-a-date-picker-in-manual-testing"><span id="How_to_test_a_date_picker_in_manual_testing"><strong>How to test a date picker in manual testing?</strong></span></h3>



<p>Create both positive and negative tests for the expected requirements. Ensure valid date formats function without error. Additionally, test negative test scenarios including invalid date formats, dates that don’t exist, and invalid character entry. Most calendar apps use a variety of date formats based on country. Test every valid option and configuration settings for each to ensure each option works as expected.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="how-do-i-automate-a-calendar-in-selenium-webdriver-for-automation-testing"><span id="How_do_I_automate_a_calendar_in_Selenium_WebDriver_for_automation_testing"><strong>How do I automate a calendar in Selenium WebDriver for automation testing?</strong></span></h3>



<p>Start by creating an outline of test objectives. Create a test using Selenium WebDriver for each test objective you need to verify. Like most automated testing tools, Selenium requires the ability to identify objects by ID in the code. Check with development or review the code to ensure IDs are in place for all calendar fields. Once you have all the information you need, choose to record the test with Selenium or create tests yourself with easy scripting tools. <a href="https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-automate-a-calendar-in-Selenium-WebDriver-for-automation-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Find out more </a>here. </p>



<h3 id="h-examples-of-test-cases-for-calendar"><span id="Examples_of_test_cases_for_calendar"><strong>Examples of test cases for calendar?</strong></span></h3>



<ul><li>The app opens and displays essential features including month, day, and year in a standard calendar format.&nbsp;</li><li>Users can switch between months.&nbsp;</li><li>Users can switch between years.&nbsp;</li><li>Users can click on a specific day.&nbsp;</li><li>Users can click on a day and add an event.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<ul><li>Enter a valid date in the expected format directly into the date field.&nbsp;</li><li>Users can open an added event on one date and directly change the date to a new, valid date.&nbsp;</li><li>Select an event and edit the date field directly.&nbsp;</li><li>Select an event and edit the date by choosing a date with a calendar selector tool.&nbsp;</li><li>Save changes and then reopen events and verify changes are saved without error.</li></ul>


Calendar Test Cases How to Write (Samples)

Calendar Test Cases | How to Write? (Samples)


<p>Automation has worked as a catalyst in testing software. It has saved more than $2.9 million and has reduced bugs by 20% on average over all the companies. While it is implemented in testing predominately, the impact is seen across each of the teams including developers and business analysts. Its heavy usage and wide acceptance have made it complex leading to too many elements scattered around all the place. If this is how a tester would want to work, test automation would not be implemented in its most efficient form. All it needs is a little extra time to brainstorm and develop a test automation framework design that establishes finer details and provides a skeleton of what’s about to happen during the automation process. However, this step needs a thorough understanding of a few principles before starting the actual design process. We will try to understand these elements throughout this post with real-life examples.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_test_automation_framework_design"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is test automation framework design?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_design_an_effective_test_automation_framework"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> How to design an effective test automation framework?</a></li><li><a href="#Pre-requisites_for_Test_Automation_Framework_Design"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Pre-requisites for Test Automation Framework Design</a></li><li><a href="#Top_design_patterns_for_test_automation_frameworks"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Top design patterns for test automation frameworks</a><ul><li><a href="#Page_object_model_design_pattern"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> Page object model design pattern</a></li><li><a href="#Factory_design_pattern"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> Factory design pattern</a></li><li><a href="#Facade_Design_Pattern"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.3</span> Facade Design Pattern</a></li><li><a href="#Singleton_Design_Pattern"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.4</span> Singleton Design Pattern</a></li><li><a href="#Fluent_Page_Object_Model"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.5</span> Fluent Page Object Model</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Pitfalls_of_automation_testing_Frameworks_design"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Pitfalls of automation testing Frameworks design</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Question"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Frequently Asked Question</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_the_best_design_pattern_for_test_automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.1</span> What is the best design pattern for test automation?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-test-automation-framework-design"><span id="What_is_test_automation_framework_design">What is test automation framework design?</span></h2>



<p>Test automation framework design is the blueprint of the elements that make the test automation framework. The design part in the test automation framework is considered the most challenging work as the team takes a lot of time analyzing various requirements of the project. Once the test automation framework design is completed, creating a test automation framework is a quick and cost-effective part of the process.</p>



<p>Test automation framework design can be considered as a standard or go-to document where we know what strategies and protocols are being implemented. Since the test automation framework is a collection of a lot of elements, their work should be discussed and understood by the team members before starting the actual framework development part. Test automation framework design fills this gap and informs the testers about the elements, challenges, and expected output from the framework. This helps save a lot of time and money for each of the team members and hence for the organization overall.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-to-design-an-effective-test-automation-framework"><span id="How_to_design_an_effective_test_automation_framework">How to design an effective test automation framework?</span></h2>



<p>To design an effective test automation framework, we need to follow a few steps in the same order as listed below:</p>



<ul><li><strong>Plan and lay down rules</strong>: The first step is to plan a design based on the project and team’s requirements. For instance, the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/types-of-automation-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type of automation</a> (scripted or codeless) has to be finalized at this point as different approaches will yield an entirely different design.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Implement function wrappers</strong>: The technology we are using will come with its own set of libraries that contain the functions. For instance, Selenium (a popular web app testing framework) has a “click” function that clicks an element on the web page. These functions can be altered according to our requirements by creating a wrapper around them. It is a very efficient method of designing an effective test automation framework.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Implement logging facilities</strong>: The next important step is to implement logging facilities all across the framework for effective maintenance and debugging when testing is done. It should be finalized beforehand as there are many loggers and different testers will start to choose as per their convenience which will create confusion in later stages.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Incorporate a design pattern</strong>: The test automation framework has to follow a design pattern already established in the testing industry. They provide a skeleton to the framework and lay down set rules and protocols tested over time with scalable applications.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Isolate test scripts from the framework</strong>: Test automation framework and test scripts both can produce failed results and when kept intertwined with each other can prove to be extra time-consuming for the testers. It is therefore always advised to design the test automation framework by keeping test scripts and the framework separate from each other.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Implement testing plans</strong>: The next step is implementing the plans of testing and how the actual testing will be conducted. This is purely technical and should be left to the team members and their experience. The team can analyze the areas where automation will be implemented and where the manual will work and proceed accordingly.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Attach pipeline</strong>: Finally, the test automation framework design is completed by attaching the pipeline at the end. A framework should be able to integrate pipeline technologies and run the new code changes automatically before integration with the help of CI.</li></ul>



<p>These points make sure the design of the test automation framework is efficient and robust and does not break even if the team members change, technologies change, or the architectural elements are altered.</p>



<h2 id="h-pre-requisites-for-test-automation-framework-design"><span id="Pre-requisites_for_Test_Automation_Framework_Design">Pre-requisites for Test Automation Framework Design</span></h2>



<p>Before starting the design of the test automation framework, there are certain characteristics of the framework that the designers need to keep in mind for a better quality product.</p>



<ul><li><strong>Maintainable</strong>: The test automation framework should be highly maintainable as maintaining the software takes the majority of the time of testers.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Technology friendly</strong>: The test automation framework will be designed according to certain technologies. In such cases, it should facilitate methods used in that technology and not just merely support it.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Works within design model/pattern</strong>: The final design model and pattern selected for the test framework should guide the testers working on it during testing. It should create boundaries to establish protocols that constantly remind the testers about their efficiency with respect to the design model.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Reliable</strong>: The test automation framework should be reliable and designers should keep this in mind while designing any element of the framework.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Reusable</strong>: The design should facilitate reusability inside the test automation framework. This will help save time and costs that mount up to a big number in the long term as the application scales.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Test data support</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/data-driven-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Data-driven testing</a> will be a part of the software testing process no matter what kind of application we are building (except maybe simple gaming applications). Even if we are not, we cannot always keep designing newer frameworks for new projects. Test data support will help a test automation framework attach data in various formats and facilitate testing on it. It is an important prerequisite for designing the framework.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Integration-enabled</strong>: A final pre-requisite for designing a test automation framework is the knowledge of wide areas of integrations and accepting it into the framework. Integration is a powerful feature of a framework and has definitely become a set standard among all.</li></ul>



<p>Working on these prerequisites before starting the actual design process will help in constructing a robust and quality automation framework for the future.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-top-design-patterns-for-test-automation-frameworks"><span id="Top_design_patterns_for_test_automation_frameworks">Top design patterns for test automation frameworks</span></h2>



<p>We started this post by mentioning how test automation has expanded to various domains today and how it all has become unstructured and unorganized due to that. It is only obvious that when some problem happens at such a large scale with so much at stake, it becomes a focal point of research and innovation. The solution to those problems is the design patterns for test automation frameworks that provide a fixed set of standards to follow and eliminate all standard and conventional problems from the mix.</p>



<h3 id="h-page-object-model-design-pattern"><span id="Page_object_model_design_pattern">Page object model design pattern</span></h3>



<p>The page object model, as it sounds like, creates objects from the page elements to target them from a single space while testing. These objects help separate the test code from the page code and increase the maintenance and reusability of the framework. The most popular framework that uses page object design patterns is Selenium.</p>



<h3 id="h-factory-design-pattern"><span id="Factory_design_pattern">Factory design pattern</span></h3>



<p>Another extremely popular method to generate tightly coupled code in test automation is the factory design pattern. The factory design pattern designates a class, called the factory class, that has a responsibility to instantiate the objects or create subclasses through inheritance. This enables all the code to be connected and dependent which helps us separate the code logically and avoid multiple impact points overall.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/6E9K2p2a0Ij0T44GI_FvQPTzpOLyg_3AV5z7J2JbfHmW5MSbF-O8Fkdp2plAbLsPHGSGvpG-XDgQQInl3XBzm0ziG_PsMFR-cFmT2SJijmiKjxVFZFUklbeuoYAqNrFrH0sOd6W1mDAbs1pfCceHcu4" alt="Factory design pattern" /></figure>



<p><a href="https://www.startertutorials.com/patterns/factory-method-pattern.html"><em>Source</em></a></p>



<h3 id="h-facade-design-pattern"><span id="Facade_Design_Pattern">Facade Design Pattern</span></h3>



<p>A facade in architecture is the front part of the building visible to the people. Similarly, in a facade design pattern, the developers create a simpler object (a facade) that connects the messy and complex source code beneath it. All that the user sees is this simpler mechanism and everything else is hidden from him. It is a great design pattern when there are too many interdependent classes and the code is confusing to understand.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/TskepVN7N-bLSqoGxgBKOf_twt8RVZLQP8BKg2civPdZjgBWHnbpsbYz96A_tPtRm3ZKwC-0dad76mEmxJCqmMwp_UgeQkR_0CPKuqof_wNQEGMvqsqy4GWMVBDz64Hvm-c5QH6osPK7SngzuPFilu4" alt="Facade Design Pattern" /></figure>



<p>Source: starter tutorials</p>



<h3 id="h-singleton-design-pattern"><span id="Singleton_Design_Pattern">Singleton Design Pattern</span></h3>



<p>The singleton design pattern aims to keep the <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test automation</a> methods in the simplest form. In this design pattern, the testers (or developers) are allowed to instantiate a single class and a single object out from it (hence the name singleton). This keeps the complexity to a minimum because we need to track only a single object. It will also enhance the reusability of the code in the framework.</p>



<h3 id="h-fluent-page-object-model"><span id="Fluent_Page_Object_Model">Fluent Page Object Model</span></h3>



<p>To simplify the working and development of the page object model, a new API called Fluent API was released. It makes the code more readable and reusable and hence becomes the basis of the Fluent page object model. The model uses page objects but through method cascading (or method chaining) to relay the instruction contexts of the current page to the called method.</p>



<p>While these are just a few design patterns, there are around 23 in total that can be considered for designing the test automation framework. However, since these are the most popularly used, they are good for a start and would definitely yield fruitful results.</p>



<h2 id="h-pitfalls-of-automation-testing-frameworks-design"><span id="Pitfalls_of_automation_testing_Frameworks_design">Pitfalls of automation testing Frameworks design</span></h2>



<p>A poor design will create a poor test automation framework in the end which in turn will not perform testing efficiently. In a way, the quality of every process including the quality of the end product depends on how well the framework is designed. Hence, it is important to know about the pitfalls of automation testing frameworks to avoid committing these mistakes.</p>



<ul><li><strong>Inexperience</strong>: The inexperience of the people working on the design in any way will make the framework and the quality suffer. The most important pieces to look at here are a programmer’s inexperience in programming languages and in designing a framework according to the requirements in the past. For instance, a <a href="https://testsigma.com/mobile-testing-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mobile test automation framework</a> will have entirely different requirements and procedures than a web app automation framework. It is always better to work under experienced designers first and then move on to handle the critical jobs later.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Misjudgments about the project</strong>: Making wrong predictions about the project’s scale and other future prospects can twist the design into something that will not support it when the time comes. Some irreversible changes can force the team to start the process again from scratch which would waste a lot of time and money.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Short time frame</strong>: Designers should be given ample time to conduct their business. A deduction in this part can make them take shortcuts and other decisions that will impact the quality of the framework. Hence, to save time in the future, the design time should depend on the team designing the framework only.</li></ul>



<ul><li><strong>Hurrying to get things done</strong>: Finally, if the team itself is hurrying to start the actual testing and not focusing well enough on the design, the framework is set to suffer from this. The process requires complete focus and dedication in each step for a fruitful result.</li></ul>



<p>Pitfalls are an important part of design (or planning) or anything that initiates a series of processes after its completion. These should be managed under experienced supervision and analyzing each step as we go through.</p>



<p>Sometimes its advisable to use a pre-built test automation tool, considering it fulfils your test automation needs.</p>



<p>Here is a blog that throws light on how to choose a test automation tool that meets your needs: <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/10-points-to-help-you-choose-the-right-test-automation-tool/">https://testsigma.com/blog/10-points-to-help-you-choose-the-right-test-automation-tool/</a></p>



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<h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion">Conclusion</span></h2>



<p>Test automation frameworks cut down costs, time, errors, repetitiveness, and a lot more elements that could prove harmful to the software and the business. It would not be wrong to say that a lot of responsibilities ride on the quality of the test automation framework itself as its quality impacts the quality of the software. Therefore, teams design the test automation framework beforehand to analyze all the parameters and determine the best tool according to their project and requirements. This involves understanding the design process, the design models, and of course, the pitfalls that challenge us at each step. This post highlights all these ingredients to collectively provide a guide that helps in each phase of testing. We hope this will help the testers in their future projects.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-question"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Question">Frequently Asked Question</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-the-best-design-pattern-for-test-automation"><span id="What_is_the_best_design_pattern_for_test_automation">What is the best design pattern for test automation?</span></h3>



<p>While it has been a popular question whether one design pattern is the best one, practically, there are none of them. Each design pattern brings something to the table that others don’t and vice-versa. I believe each of them works towards reusability and simplicity, but technically they do tend to differ in the process of achieving that. It is recommended to go through either “<em>Gang of Four</em>” design patterns or the 23 most popular listed patterns to understand which one suits the most according to your project.</p>


How to Create a Test Automation Framework Design?

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