
<p>In the software biz, we must test a product like absurd before putting it out to the world. There are different levels of testing, from functional to acceptance, and each one checks specific things to make sure everything&#8217;s up to par.</p>



<p>Check out this blog to learn more about why each level matters.</p>



<p id="h-what-is-software-testing"><strong>What is <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/software-testing/">Software Testing</a>?</strong></p>



<p>Well, in a nutshell, it&#8217;s the process of checking if a program or application works the way it&#8217;s supposed to. Think of it like quality control for your computer programs &#8211; you want to catch bugs or issues before they cause user problems. </p>



<p>For example, let&#8217;s say a new app helps people track their expenses. The testers will run several tests to check if everything functions properly, such as verifying correct data input. Are all the buttons working? Can users easily navigate through the app? By running these tests and fixing any issues, developers can ensure their software is top-notch and user-friendly.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_do_you_mean_by8221Levels_of_Testing8221"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What do you mean by&#8221;Levels of Testing&#8221;?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_different_levels_of_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> What are the different levels of Testing?</a><ul><li><a href="#1_UnitComponent_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.1</span> 1. Unit/Component Testing</a></li><li><a href="#2_Integration_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.2</span> 2. Integration Testing</a></li><li><a href="#3_System_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.3</span> 3. System Testing</a></li><li><a href="#4_Acceptance_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.4</span> 4. Acceptance Testing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Software_Testing_Sequence"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Software Testing Sequence</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_are_the_7_principles_of_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> What are the 7 principles of testing?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_stages_of_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.2</span> What are the stages of testing?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_zero-level_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.3</span> What is zero-level testing?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-do-you-mean-by-levels-of-testing"><span id="What_do_you_mean_by8221Levels_of_Testing8221"><strong>What do you mean by&#8221;Levels of Testing&#8221;?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Testing levels, also known as levels of testing, refer to the different phases or stages of testing software during its development cycle. The main idea behind this concept is that each level of testing targets specific aspects of the software&#8217;s functionality, which allows for better quality assurance and fewer potential defects.</p>



<p></p>



<p>The most common <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/the-different-software-testing-types-explained/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types of testing</a> levels include &#8211; unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Unit tests focus on individual components, such as methods and functions, while integration tests check if these components work together properly. System tests verify that the entire system meets the functional requirements specified by stakeholders, while acceptance tests validate the software against their criteria for acceptable behavior.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Levels-of-testing-1.png" alt="Levels of Testing" class="wp-image-31585" width="724" height="588" /></figure></div>



<h2 id="h-what-are-the-different-levels-of-testing"><span id="What_are_the_different_levels_of_Testing"><strong>What are the different levels of Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Software must go through different testing stages before it can be considered bug-free and ready for deployment. There are generally four levels of software testing, as mentioned below:</p>



<ol><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/unit-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Unit Testing</a></li><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/integration-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integration Testing</a></li><li>System Testing</li><li>Acceptance Testing</li></ol>



<p>Let&#8217;s have a look at these in detail.</p>



<h3 id="h-1-unit-component-testing"><span id="1_UnitComponent_Testing"><strong>1. Unit/Component Testing</strong></span></h3>



<p>Unit testing is done at the code level, where each component is tested individually to ensure their impartiality and analyze their functionality. Automating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unit tests</a> is possible and highly recommended in today&#8217;s fast-paced development environment. To make a unit test, you should outline what you expect the code to do and write the code, which will check if it is doing what you expect. You should then run the unit test to verify that everything works as expected. For example, let&#8217;s say you have a calculator program that adds two numbers together. You can create a unit test that verifies the numerical values that the calculator program returns are correct. You could also create tests that verify edge cases and errors are handled correctly.</p>



<p>In this simple example, you could use unit testing to verify that the calculator program adds two numbers correctly.</p>



<p>First, outline and document the expectations of the program, such as:</p>



<ul><li>The program should accept two numerical values</li><li>It should return the sum of these two values</li><li>It should also handle negative numbers correctly</li></ul>



<p>You can then write unit tests that feed these values into the program and verify the correct output. For example, you could have a test that checks the program returns 2 when 1 and 1 are entered. You could have another test that checks the program returns -3 when 1 and -4 are entered. Once all the tests have been written and executed, you can confidently say that the calculator program has been successfully tested and works as expected.</p>



<h3 id="h-2-integration-testing"><span id="2_Integration_Testing"><strong>2. Integration Testing</strong></span></h3>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/integration-testing/">Integration testing</a> enables software testers to test group units integrated into a system or subsystems; it helps identify any bugs or issues arising from coding errors or integrations between modules. It is possible to automate integration testing.</p>



<h3 id="h-3-system-testing"><span id="3_System_Testing"><strong>3. System Testing</strong></span></h3>



<p>System testing is performed on an integrated environment comprising the whole application, where all components are assessed against specific business requirements. You can use automation tools for System Testing.</p>



<p>For example, Testsigma, a no-code test automation platform, can complete end-to-end flows for web, mobile, and desktop applications and APIs.</p>



<h3 id="h-4-acceptance-testing"><span id="4_Acceptance_Testing"><strong>4. Acceptance Testing</strong></span></h3>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px">Acceptance testing involves testing the system&#8217;s <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/different-functional-testing-types-explained-in-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Functional </a>and Non-functional aspects, such as performance, security, usability, accessibility, compatibility, and reliability. Depending on the system&#8217;s complexity, it can be done manually or through automation tools. In this example, we will demonstrate the process of using Testsigma to automate the acceptance testing of a login page. First, we must create a test scenario that simulates users entering their login credentials and logging in successfully. Testsigma will automatically detect any issues with the page and report them back to us. Using Testsigma for acceptance testing, we can ensure that our login page is working as expected and ready for deployment.</p></p>



<figure class="wp-block-video"><video controls src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Acceptance-testing.webm"></video></figure>



<p></p>



<p style="padding-top:30px"><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Start using Testsigma to automate your system, integration and acceptance tests</a></button></p>



<h2 id="h-software-testing-sequence"><span id="Software_Testing_Sequence"><strong>Software Testing Sequence</strong></span></h2>



<p>Let&#8217;s talk about test sequences. It&#8217;s a fancy way of saying we need to test our software step by step. We must go through four main testing stages before we can say our software is ready.</p>



<ol><li>First up, we&#8217;ve got unit testing. This is where we test each unit or component of the software to ensure it&#8217;s doing what it&#8217;s supposed to.</li><li>Then we move on to integration testing, where we test how all the different units work together.</li><li>Next, we&#8217;ve got system testing, where we test the whole system as a complete package.</li><li>Finally, we&#8217;ve got acceptance testing, where we let the end users have a go at the software to ensure it&#8217;s meeting their needs.</li></ol>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px">And that&#8217;s it! Four simple steps to make sure our software is top-notch.</p></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_1ad6e37595b398e3c6f6d7101df742be_2000.png" alt="software testing steps" width="800" height="400" /></figure>



<br><h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>Software Testing is a necessary process. It guarantees the software does what it should and meets all the requirements. Skipping testing can lead to severe issues that can mess up the software&#8217;s usefulness and how it works. So, don&#8217;t forget to give enough time and resources to test your software if you want it to be a hit when you launch it.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-7-principles-of-testing"><span id="What_are_the_7_principles_of_testing"><strong>What are the 7 <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/principles-of-software-testing-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">principles of testing</a>?</strong></span></h3>



<p>The 7 principles of testing a<strong>ccording to the ISTQB </strong>are:</p>



<ol><li>Testing shows the presence of defects</li><li>Exhaustive testing is impossible</li><li>Early testing saves time and money</li><li>Defects cluster together</li><li>Testing is context-dependent</li><li>Absence-of-errors fallacy</li><li>The Pesticide Paradox</li></ol>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-stages-of-testing"><span id="What_are_the_stages_of_testing"><strong>What are the stages of testing?</strong></span></h3>



<p>The stages are</p>



<ul><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-plan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test Plan</a></li><li>Analysis</li><li>Design</li><li>Development</li><li>Execution</li><li>Bug fixing</li><li>Final test execution and delivery</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-what-is-zero-level-testing"><span id="What_is_zero-level_testing"><strong>What is zero-level testing?</strong></span></h3>



<p>Initial testing, also known as zero-level testing, is the primary stage of the testing process to identify defects and weaknesses in the software system at the earliest possible stage.</p>


Levels of Testing A Complete Approach to Quality Assurance

Levels of Testing: A Complete Approach to Quality Assurance


<p>Software testing is an essential aspect of software development that ensures that software products are functional, reliable, and meet the required specifications. Testing is crucial to identify software errors and bugs that can lead to system failures, data loss, and other negative impacts. Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) and Equivalence Class Partitioning (ECP) are two widely used testing techniques that help in Software Testing. In this article, we will discuss BVA and ECP, their benefits, real-life examples, and some common pitfalls to avoid.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_are_Boundary_Value_Analysis_and_Equivalence_Class_Partitioning"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What are Boundary Value Analysis and Equivalence Class Partitioning? </a></li><li><a href="#Boundary_Value_Analysis_BVA_and_Equivalence_Class_Partitioning_ECPnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) and Equivalence Class Partitioning (ECP):&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_Using_BVA_ECP_in_Software_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Benefits of Using BVA &amp; ECP in Software Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Applications_of_BVA_ECP_in_Software_Testingnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Applications of BVA &amp; ECP in Software Testing&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Should_you_automate_your_tests_for_BVA_and_ECP_Techniques"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Should you automate your tests for BVA and ECP Techniques?</a></li><li><a href="#Common_Pitfalls_to_Avoid_When_Using_BVA_ECPnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Common Pitfalls to Avoid When Using BVA &amp; ECP&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Boundary_Value_Analysis_vs_Equivalence_Class_Partitioning"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Boundary Value Analysis vs Equivalence Class Partitioning</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Conclusion:</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-are-boundary-value-analysis-and-equivalence-class-partitioning"><span id="What_are_Boundary_Value_Analysis_and_Equivalence_Class_Partitioning"><strong>What are Boundary Value Analysis and Equivalence Class Partitioning? </strong></span></h2>



<p><strong>Boundary Value Analysis (BVA):&nbsp;</strong></p>



<p>BVA is a testing technique that focuses on testing the boundary conditions of a system. The objective of BVA is to identify and test the values at the boundaries, which are often the most vulnerable points in a software application. These boundaries can include input limits, output limits, or any other type of boundary that is relevant to the system being tested.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The concept of BVA is based on the assumption that errors are more likely to occur at the boundaries of input values, rather than within the range of acceptable values. This is because the boundary values are usually handled differently by the software application, and any discrepancies in the handling of these values can result in errors.</p>



<p>For example, let&#8217;s consider a software application that accepts input values in the range of 1 to 100. The boundary values, in this case, would be 1, 100, and values close to them, such as 2, 99, etc. Testing the boundary values would involve checking how the software application behaves when it receives input values at the edge of the acceptable range. This includes testing values such as 0, 101, -1, 102, and so on.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Contrary to the name it’s less of an analysis but more of a heuristic that can be applied while testing, which means that it can fail too. It is important to note that BVA should not be used as the sole testing technique, but rather as a heuristic that can be applied in conjunction with other testing techniques.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>Equivalence Class Partitioning (ECP):</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>



<p>ECP is an important technique used in software testing. At its core, ECP is about grouping similar items that have a common property into a set, where each set represents an equivalence class. Doing so, helps testers identify and target specific areas of the software that may have a higher likelihood of containing bugs or errors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When you&#8217;re driving a car, do you consciously calculate the exact amount of pressure needed to apply on the gas pedal to accelerate to a specific speed? No, you don&#8217;t.&nbsp;</p>



<p>You know that pressing the pedal with a certain amount of force will generally get you to the desired speed. This is because the car&#8217;s engine and transmission are designed to work together to achieve a range of speeds, so there is a range of acceptable inputs for achieving a given output. That&#8217;s ECP! We apply it to anything we use regularly, like appliances, tools, and technology.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the context of software testing, ECP is used to group tests based on various criteria such as input/output values, user groups, product risks, test environments, etc.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, if you are testing a login page, you could group tests based on different input values such as valid usernames and passwords, invalid usernames, invalid passwords, and so on. Each group would represent an equivalence class that exposes different kinds of bugs or issues that may arise when users attempt to log in.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While ECP is an effective testing technique, it is not foolproof, and it can sometimes fail too. It is a thought process that relies heavily on the tester&#8217;s knowledge and experience.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="boundary-value-analysis-bva-and-equivalence-class-partitioning-ecp"><span id="Boundary_Value_Analysis_BVA_and_Equivalence_Class_Partitioning_ECPnbsp"><strong>Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) and Equivalence Class Partitioning (ECP):</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>Now that we know about BVA and ECP, it is worth pointing out that they both are usually used together. Let&#8217;s try to understand this with an example. Let’s say you are trying to test a form that accepts age as a number:<br>&#8211; You cannot go on and create 100 test cases for it to test for all 100 inputs from the age of 1 to 100.<br>&#8211; You will also need to test the numbers below 1 and above 100. These are the boundary values.<br>&#8211; To make our testing more effective, let&#8217;s employ ECP. Let’s partition the 1 to 100 into groups of 10, so they would be [1-10];[11-20];[21-30];[31-40];[41-50];[51-60];[61-70];[71-80];[81-90];[91-100];</p>



<p>&#8211; For the created groups, the testing can be done for values on boundaries like: -1;0;1;9;10;11;19;20;21… and so forth</p>



<h2 id="benefits-of-using-bva-ecp-in-software-testing"><span id="Benefits_of_Using_BVA_ECP_in_Software_Testing"><strong>Benefits of Using BVA &amp; ECP in Software Testing</strong></span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-115.png" alt="Benefits of Using BVA &amp; ECP in Software Testing" class="wp-image-29919" width="200" height="200"/></figure></div>



<p>While BVA and ECP are widely used, let&#8217;s understand some of the key benefits of applying BVA and ECP</p>



<p>in software testing:&nbsp;</p>



<p>1. <strong>Improved Understanding of the System Under Test: </strong>When we apply BVA and ECP techniques, we try to identify the boundaries of the system and group the input parameters into classes. This helps us to gain a better understanding of the system and its behavior.&nbsp;</p>



<p>2. <strong>Simplified Test Design: </strong>By grouping the tests based on input/output values, user groups, product risks, test environments, etc., testers can better plan their tests. This ensures that each class is tested comprehensively and exposes different kinds of bugs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>3. <strong>Better Test Coverage: </strong>BVA and ECP techniques help to identify critical tests by dividing the input domain into smaller regions, leading to effective test coverage. BVA focuses on testing boundary conditions, which are the most error-prone areas, while ECP divides the input domain into equivalence classes that can be tested as a group.&nbsp;</p>



<p>4. <strong>Better Prioritization: </strong>By using these techniques, we can prioritize the test cases based on their criticality. BVA helps in identifying the values at the boundaries, which are more likely to cause errors, while ECP helps in grouping the tests based on the common properties, which makes it easier to prioritize the tests.&nbsp;</p>



<p>5. <strong>Better Risk Management: </strong>BVA and ECP help to identify and manage risks associated with software testing. By identifying the most critical scenarios, testers can focus on the areas of the software that are most likely to cause problems.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="applications-of-bva-ecp-in-software-testing"><span id="Applications_of_BVA_ECP_in_Software_Testingnbsp"><strong>Applications of BVA &amp; ECP in Software Testing</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-116.png" alt="Applications of BVA &amp; ECP in Software Testing" class="wp-image-29921" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



<p>The most common use/application of BVA and ECP in Software testing is found to be on the input values for the system under test. Apart from input values, the following are some of the other scenarios where these techniques can be applied:&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>Boundary Value Analysis (BVA):</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>



<p>1. <strong>Database Testing: </strong>In a database system, BVA can be used to test the boundary conditions of various parameters such as the number of records, data types, field sizes, the minimum and maximum length of character fields, the range of numeric fields, and the maximum number of records that can be stored, etc.&nbsp;</p>



<p>2. <strong>Network Testing: </strong>BVA can be used to analyze the traffic on the network and identify any abnormal conditions or boundary conditions that may cause the network to fail. In network communication protocols, BVA can be applied to test the boundary conditions of data packets,</p>



<p>such as the minimum and maximum packet size, packet header length, and packet content. This technique can help ensure that the protocol will work correctly under a wide range of data transfer scenarios.&nbsp;</p>



<p>3. <strong>Hardware Testing: </strong>BVA can also be applied to hardware components, such as sensors, where boundary conditions like temperature, humidity, and pressure can impact the functionality of the component. By testing these limits, testers can ensure that the hardware component will function correctly under extreme conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>4. <strong>Testing of time-based functionality: </strong>BVA can be applied to test the time-based functionality of a system, such as a booking system, to check if it handles the boundaries of time zones, daylight saving time changes, and other related constraints.&nbsp;</p>



<p>5. <strong>UI Testing: </strong>BVA can be used to test the boundaries of the screen size, font size, color, alignment, and various user interface elements such as text boxes, buttons, drop-down menus, etc. By testing these limits, testers can ensure that the user interface will function correctly when users interact with it in unexpected ways.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>Equivalence Class Partitioning (ECP):</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>



<ol><li><strong>Output values: </strong>Equivalence Class Partitioning can also be used to test output values. For example, if a software application is supposed to return a specific set of outputs for certain input values, you can use ECP to partition the expected output values into equivalent classes and test only one value from each class.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>User roles: </strong>In software testing, ECP can be applied to different user roles. Different user roles may have access to different sets of features or functionality in an application. By applying ECP to user roles, you can identify and test the most critical combinations of user roles and features.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Time and date: </strong>ECP can also be used to test software applications that rely on time and date data. For example, if an application requires specific actions to be taken at specific times, ECP can be used to partition the relevant time periods into equivalent classes and test only one time from each class.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Environment: </strong>ECP can also be used to test software applications in different environments. For example, an application may behave differently on different operating systems or with different hardware configurations. By applying ECP to different environments, you can identify and test the most critical combinations of environment and software configurations.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Error Handling: </strong>ECP can also be used to test error messages. By partitioning error messages into equivalent classes, you can test only one message from each class, ensuring that all possible error messages are tested without the need to test every possible input value that might trigger an error.&nbsp;</li></ol>



<h2 id="should-you-automate-your-tests-for-bva-and-ecp-techniques"><span id="Should_you_automate_your_tests_for_BVA_and_ECP_Techniques"><strong>Should you automate your tests for BVA and ECP Techniques?</strong></span></h2>



<p>You may be wondering whether or not to automate the tests for Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) and Equivalence Partitioning (ECP) techniques. In my opinion, both of these techniques involve testing a range of input values systematically, making them ideal candidates for automation.</p>



<p>Automating your tests for BVA and ECP can be a great way to save time and ensure accuracy in your testing. And with tools like Testsigma available, it&#8217;s easier than ever to automate your tests without the need for extensive coding or technical knowledge.</p>



<div class="cta-banner-v2">
<div class="title-with-description ">
<p class="title">Here is a guide that talks in detail about automated testing </p>
</div>
<a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" class="cta-btn-v1" rel="noopener">Learn more</a>
</div>



<p>Automating your BVA and ECP tests with Testsigma can help you catch bugs and issues early on, before they cause major problems down the line. It can also help you achieve better test coverage by allowing you to run tests more frequently and consistently. Plus, Testsigma&#8217;s cloud-based nature means that you can access and run your tests from anywhere, making it easy to collaborate with remote team members or testers.<br>



<p>Automating tests for BVA and ECP can be highly beneficial for improving testing efficiency, consistency, and accuracy. However, it&#8217;s important to recognize that not all tests can be automated and that the decision to automate tests should be made after carefully considering the cost and benefit of automation.</p>



<h2 id="common-pitfalls-to-avoid-when-using-bva-ecp"><span id="Common_Pitfalls_to_Avoid_When_Using_BVA_ECPnbsp"><strong>Common Pitfalls to Avoid When Using BVA &amp; ECP</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>When using Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) and Equivalence Partitioning (ECP) in software testing, it&#8217;s important to avoid certain pitfalls. Some common pitfalls to avoid include:&nbsp;</p>



<p>1. <strong>Restricting to only input values: </strong>BVA and ECP are not limited to input values alone. Testers must consider all possible factors that could affect the software, such as different user groups, product risks, <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test environments</a>, invisible boundaries, transitions, conversions, time, and more.&nbsp;</p>



<p>2. <strong>Assuming limits and classes: </strong>It&#8217;s important not to make assumptions about the limits and classes that should be used in testing. The actual limits and classes may differ from what was originally assumed, and testing based on incorrect assumptions can result in missing critical bugs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>3. <strong>Ignoring user behavior: </strong>Testers must take into account the different ways in which users interact with the software. Factors such as user expectations, use cases, and workflows can all have an impact on the software&#8217;s behavior.&nbsp;</p>



<p>4. <strong>Over-reliance on BVA and ECP: </strong>While BVA and ECP are useful techniques, they shouldn&#8217;t be the only testing methods used. Other testing methods, such as <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/exploratory-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exploratory testing</a> and usability testing, can provide valuable insights that may be missed using BVA and ECP alone.&nbsp;</p>



<p>5. <strong>Not considering edge cases: </strong>Finally, it is important to test edge cases that may not be within the expected range of values. These edge cases may include unexpected inputs or user behavior and can help uncover critical bugs that may otherwise go unnoticed.&nbsp;</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-118.png" alt="Common Pitfalls to Avoid When Using BVA &amp; ECP" class="wp-image-29925" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



<h2 id="boundary-value-analysis-vs-equivalence-class-partitioning"><span id="Boundary_Value_Analysis_vs_Equivalence_Class_Partitioning"><strong>Boundary Value Analysis vs Equivalence Class Partitioning</strong></span></h2>



<p>Now that we have understood the various aspects of BVA and ECP; and how they can compliment each other. Let’s also throw some light on their differences:</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td>BVA</td><td>ECP</td></tr><tr><td>Here, testing is always done on the boundaries of input values.</td><td>Here, the testing will be done according to the classes created. The input values can be taken from the boundary or from the middle region of the class.</td></tr><tr><td>It involves testing for valid inputs as well as invalid inputs.<br><br>For eg. For testing boundaries for an age input form:&nbsp; 0 &amp; 1 will be valid inputs and -1 will be an invalid input<br><br></td><td>The validity and invalidity of the input values depends on the partition. Either all values in the partition will be a valid input or an invalid input.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



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<h2 id="conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion:</strong></span></h2>



<p>In summary, BVA and ECP are not just testing techniques but are thought processes and approaches that can help testers to understand the system under test better and prioritize the tests based on the system risks and criticality, thus improving the overall test coverage, test plan, and strategy.</p>


Boundary Value Analysis and Equivalence Class Partitioning


<p>Engineered with a focus on testing efficiency, our product team has introduced some really cool features this month. Let’s dive right in!</p>



<ol><li>Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for Advanced Text Extraction: The HTML canvas element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting. But during test automation of such DOM elements, users can neither rely on coordinates-based action nor on visual testing since it varies over screen sizes and does not assert any element inside the canvas image. With Testsigma&#8217;s <a href="https://testsigma.com/docs/addons/ocr-extraction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OCR-based text extraction </a>via add-ons, you can now extract content from inside the canvas tag. This powerful feature allows you to interact with any text/components inside the canvas image. <em>Read here </em>&#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/ocr-test/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OCR Test</a>.</li></ol>



<ol start="2"><li>Disable Test Cases in a Test Plan: To address the challenges faced when running known-to-fail test cases, Testsigma now allows users to <a href="https://testsigma.com/docs/test-management/test-plans/disable-test-cases-in-test-plans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">selectively disable test cases </a>within a test plan. By disabling these cases, you save valuable execution time and achieve a result decoupled from the known failures, ensuring efficient and accurate testing.</li></ol>



<ol start="3"><li>Support for Flutter Apps: Flutter is a crowd favorite for cross-platform app development, and Testsigma now supports recording and execution for apps built using the <a href="https://testsigma.com/tutorials/test-cases/mobile-apps/build-tests-using-recorder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flutter framework</a>. Seamlessly record and execute tests on your Flutter mobile apps, enabling comprehensive testing for both iOS and Android platforms.</li></ol>



<ol start="4"><li>Support for Shadow DOM Element Capturing and Execution: With <a href="https://testsigma.com/docs/elements/web-apps/shadow-dom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shadow DOM</a>, hidden DOM trees can be attached to elements in the regular DOM tree, which allows for isolated testing of specific HTML document sections. Testsigma&#8217;s latest release introduces support for capturing and executing test cases on Shadow DOM elements.</li></ol>



<ol start="5"><li>Mailbox Functions for URL Extraction and Verification: This new mailbox function lets you extract and verify URLs from emails. Whether you need to extract and click on specific URLs or validate email URLs, Testsigma provides flexible options such as text matching, partial URL matching, and regular expressions.</li></ol>



<p>With these new feature updates, we’re continuing to make test automation a breeze.</p>



<p>If you’re not already a Testsigma user,</p>



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<p>If you’d like to see the difference that hassle-free automation can make to your release cycles, <a href="https://testsigma.com/request-demo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">let us know</a>.</p>


May ’23 feature spotlight The latest on Testsigma

May ’23 feature spotlight: The latest on Testsigma


<p>Writing effective test cases is an integral part of the software development and testing process, especially when dealing with complex applications with multiple functionalities.&nbsp; Test cases serve as a reference for future testing cycles, facilitate knowledge transfer when new team members join, and help identify and document complex functionalities. They are&nbsp; also essential for preventing bugs, improving test coverage, and prioritizing product releases&nbsp;</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_are_test_casesnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What are test cases:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Why_are_test_cases_writtennbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Why are test cases written:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Test_cases_and_Test_scenarios_nbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Test cases and Test scenarios :&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Who_writes_the_test_casesnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Who writes the test cases:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Test_Case_templatenbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Test Case template:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Few_best_practices_to_follow_while_writing_test_casesnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Few best practices to follow while writing test cases:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Use_tools_for_automated_testingnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Use tools for automated testing:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Creating_and_Managing_test_cases_through_Testsigmanbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Creating and Managing test cases through Testsigma:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Summarynbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">9</span> Summary:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">10</span> Frequently Asked Questions:</a><ul><li><a href="#What_are_the_main_5_required_elements_of_a_test_casenbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">10.1</span> What are the main 5 required elements of a test case?&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_4_qualities_of_a_test_case"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">10.2</span> What are the 4 qualities of a test case?</a></li><li><a href="#How_do_I_create_a_test_case_in_Jira"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">10.3</span> How do I create a test case in Jira?</a></li><li><a href="#Suggested_Reading"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">10.4</span> Suggested Reading</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-are-test-cases"><span id="What_are_test_casesnbsp"><strong>What are test cases:&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>A test case is a set of steps or instructions written to test a functionality or a feature of a software application. To do comprehensive testing of a software application, we need detailed test cases in place. Test cases are also the easiest way and part of the process where knowledge transfer is concerned. It can help the other person understand the application at an initial level.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-why-are-test-cases-written"><span id="Why_are_test_cases_writtennbsp"><strong>Why are test cases written:&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>Test cases are usually written for the following reasons:&nbsp;</p>



<p>1. <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/techniques-to-prevent-software-bugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Preventing Bugs&nbsp;</a></p>



<p>3. Better <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-coverage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test coverage&nbsp;</a></p>



<p>4. Identifying and documenting complex functionalities&nbsp;</p>



<p>5. Prioritizing them while releasing the product&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-test-cases-and-test-scenarios"><span id="Test_cases_and_Test_scenarios_nbsp"><strong>Test cases and Test scenarios :&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px">Test scenarios are usually derived from different aspects. It usually gives information on what all parameters are considered for evaluating the product. It can come from:</p></p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="2736" height="1260" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Slide-16_9-60.png" alt="Test cases and Test scenarios " class="wp-image-30343"/></figure></div>



<p style="padding-top:30px">1. BRD (Business Requirement Document)&nbsp;</p>



<p>2. Customer feedback&nbsp;</p>



<p>3. Acceptance criteria&nbsp;</p>



<p>4. Assumptions for the undocumented requirements&nbsp;</p>



<p>5. Brainstorming sessions&nbsp;</p>



<p>6. Change requests&nbsp;</p>



<p>By using test scenarios, one creates test cases that give detailed information on 1. Steps to be followed&nbsp;</p>



<p>2. Preconditions&nbsp;</p>



<p>3. Data set to be used&nbsp;</p>



<p>4. Output&nbsp;</p>



<p>5. Dependency of the test cases<br><br></p>



<p>Test cases are the detailed steps derived for the test scenarios, which are to be documented to help the team increase their efficiency and save time in the future wherein the team has to refer to the past test cycles and identify missing scenarios.</p>



<p>Get the key difference between <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-case-vs-test-scenario/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test Case vs. Test Scenario</a></p>



<h2 id="h-who-writes-the-test-cases"><span id="Who_writes_the_test_casesnbsp"><strong>Who writes the test cases:&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>The person responsible for testing the product writes the test cases. In a team that works in an agile environment, since every individual comes with their own expertise, test cases can be written by all members of the team like Developers, Quality Engineers, and Business analysts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Developers write the test cases as a part of the development process which we call Unit tests.&nbsp; This gives us code coverage of the module most impacted by the code change&nbsp;</p>



<p>When QA engineers are writing test cases, they usually consider the overall quality of an application, which requires several iterations and techniques.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The business analyst or a product owner who is responsible can also write test cases from a&nbsp; product fitness point of view which can later be dissected at a lower level.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-test-case-template"><span id="Test_Case_templatenbsp"><strong>Test Case template:&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>While writing a test case, a tester must have in mind to create a document which has the necessary information to execute and evaluate the test case status. A test usually consists of the below parameters.&nbsp;</p>



<div class="wp-block-file"><object class="wp-block-file__embed" data="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Test-Case-Template.pdf" type="application/pdf" style="width:100%;height:600px" aria-label="Embed of Test-Case-Template."></object><a id="wp-block-file--media-d3b89085-6de7-4d6d-84bd-1c163ba5b915" href="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Test-Case-Template.pdf">Test-Case-Template</a><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Test-Case-Template.pdf" class="wp-block-file__button" download aria-describedby="wp-block-file--media-d3b89085-6de7-4d6d-84bd-1c163ba5b915">Download</a></div>



<p><strong>1. <em>Test case id: </em></strong>Each test must have a unique id that can be mapped to the Story id or Req id in the tool used in the team, which helps to keep track and calculate the test coverage. You&nbsp; can refer to a requirement document matrix for the same&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>2. <em>Description</em>: </strong>A brief description of what the functionality is about and test scenarios it is&nbsp; derived from, along with a brief idea of the business requirement, would be helpful for a new&nbsp; person to understand it in a better way&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>3. <em>Module Name</em>:</strong> The module to which the test steps belong, which helps us later to find out the dependent and impacted modules which need to be prioritized for testing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>4. <strong><em>Complexity</em>:</strong> What is the complexity of the test case? It can be (Simple, Medium or&nbsp; Complex), which helps us to decide which one to pick first when a time crunch is there. We can simply filter out the complex scenarios and plan the testing.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>5. <em>Preconditions</em>: </strong>The ideal environment to perform the steps for both positive and negative scenarios.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>6. <em>Test steps</em>: </strong>Detailed steps which are followed by the user to perform the actions intended.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>7. <em>Test Data</em>: </strong>A comprehensive test data set that the user has to use to execute the test case. It can be dummy data created in lower environments, but it is always preferred to use real user data to get a better output.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>8. <em>Expected Results: </em></strong>The result expected after completing the steps. It can be a message or another landing page, an error message (in case of a negative test case), or a confirmation message (for a successful transaction).&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>9. <em>Actual Result: </em></strong>Capturing the system&#8217;s behavior after the steps are performed and&nbsp; comparing it to the expected result&nbsp;</p>



<p>1<strong>0. <em>Status: </em></strong>Set the status as PASS/Fail as per the previous step result. If the status is failed&nbsp; create and tag the bug for the specific test case&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>11. <em>Priority: </em></strong>We need to set the priority of the test cases based on conditions like functionality which has the greatest impact on major workflows of a system and to be executed at all times or based on risks and coverage and functionalities which have less impact and can be neglected for a release.</p>



<h2 id="h-few-best-practices-to-follow-while-writing-test-cases"><span id="Few_best_practices_to_follow_while_writing_test_casesnbsp"><strong>Few best practices to follow while writing test cases:&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>1. Aim for corner/edge case scenarios&nbsp;</p>



<p>2. Write the test steps precisely focusing on the scope&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>3. Attach and refer relevant test data or documents needed to be referred to in any step </p>



<p>4. Avoid using the complex English language&nbsp;</p>



<p>5. Don’t rely on assumptions while writing test cases&nbsp;</p>



<p>6. Gather as much domain knowledge as you can before you start on test ideas&nbsp;</p>



<p>7. Get your test cases reviewed by the product owner or BA and gather their feedback </p>



<p>8. Keep past user behaviors, and bugs in mind and include those in your test steps&nbsp;</p>



<p>9. Look beyond UI, and try to find non-functional test cases for the feature&nbsp;</p>



<p>10. Take the help of automation to increase productivity by reducing repetitive tasks and&nbsp; focusing more on creating better test ideas&nbsp;</p>



<p>11. Use <a href="https://testsigma.com/test-management-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test management tools</a> actively to reduce maintenance.</p>



<h2 id="h-use-tools-for-automated-testing"><span id="Use_tools_for_automated_testingnbsp"><strong>Use tools for automated testing:&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>Taking the help of tools for writing test cases decreases the effort of the team to a maximum percentage. By using these tools, we can increase the consistency, accuracy, and reusability of the test cases.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>In order to write automated test cases</p>



<p>1. We need to decide the scope of the testing and identify the test scenarios for test automation</p>



<p>2. We need to pick an automation tool that best suits the requirements and skill sets of the team members.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>3. Design and execute the test cases and evaluate the results in an automated manner whenever required.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-creating-and-managing-test-cases-through-testsigma"><span id="Creating_and_Managing_test_cases_through_Testsigmanbsp"><strong>Creating and Managing test cases through Testsigma:&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>To write, execute and maintain automated test cases, Testsigma offers a user-friendly platform where one can create different categories as per the requirement.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong><em>Define Testcase type:&nbsp;</em></strong></p>



<p>Using the platform, users can automate different types of test cases such as UI, Functional, Nonfunctional, Integration, Regression, and Usability tests. These tests can be for web, mobile, desktop, or APIs.<br><br>As Testsigma is a <a href="https://testsigma.com/codeless-automation-testing-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">no-code test automation tool</a>, automating your tests is as easy as writing test cases in English.<br></p>



<p><strong><em>Set priorities:&nbsp;</em></strong></p>



<p>Users also can set priorities (Critical, High, Medium, Low ) for the created test cases inside the tool. Users are able to create customized priorities such as (eg: supercritical).&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong><em>Define the requirements:&nbsp;</em></strong></p>



<p>The user can also create its own requirement types from which the test case has been derived,&nbsp; as the requirements for the test cases come from different inputs.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong><em>Maintaining test cases:&nbsp;</em></strong></p>



<p>While adding, updating, and removing test cases from the tool, it keeps track of past activities and helps avoid human error. It has history saved for each action that happened for the test step created by the user.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Users also can filter the required steps through different tags added to the test steps <strong><em>Import and export:&nbsp;</em></strong></p>



<p>Users can import the created test cases from different platforms such as jira , testsigma helps migrate or to upload the test steps in bulk where users need to make changes in all the existing test cases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Users can also import from the GitHub repository through a YAML/zip file and directly through a .json file exported from your Postman collection.<br><br><strong><em>Other features</em></strong>:<br><br>With Testsigma, you can start automating your test cases in minutes.<br>Testsigma also lets you execute your tests on 3000+ real devices and browsers, in parallel. Thus, saving you tonnes of time.<br><br>Testsigma is also available as an open-source and free version.</p>



<p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://github.com/testsigmahq/testsigma" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Start automating your test cases with Testsigma Open source</a></button></p>



<p>Find more information on automating your test cases with Testsigma at <a href="https://testsigma.com/docs/test-cases/overview/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test Cases &#8211; Overview</a></p>



<h2 id="h-summary"><span id="Summarynbsp"><strong>Summary:&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<p>Maintaining test cases can be a challenge in an agile environment, where requirements are subject to frequent changes. However, using automated tools can be valuable in such scenarios, allowing the team to adjust to changing requirements while keeping their test cases up-to-date.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Hope you find it useful&nbsp;</p>



<p>Happy testing ☺</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions:</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-main-5-required-elements-of-a-test-case"><span id="What_are_the_main_5_required_elements_of_a_test_casenbsp"><strong><br></strong><strong>What are the main 5 required elements of a test case?</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></h3>



<p>1. Gathering the right requirement criteria</p>



<p>2. Keep the user behaviour in mind.</p>



<p>3. Prerequisites are the most important part of any test case</p>



<p>4. Create concise test cases , which is easily readable by other people<br>5. Maintain and update the test cases whenever required</p>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-4-qualities-of-a-test-case"><span id="What_are_the_4_qualities_of_a_test_case"><strong>What are the 4 qualities of a test case?</strong></span></h3>



<p>1. Written in a precise and concise way</p>



<p>2. Easy to understand for everyone</p>



<p>3. Covers all aspects of testing&nbsp;</p>



<p>4. Easy to maintain&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-how-do-i-create-a-test-case-in-jira"><span id="How_do_I_create_a_test_case_in_Jira"><strong>How do I create a test case in Jira?</strong></span></h3>



<p>1. Log into your Jira account and navigate to the project where you want to add the test cases.</p>



<p>2. Click on the &#8220;Issues&#8221; tab in the top navigation bar.</p>



<p>3. Select &#8220;Create Issue&#8221; to create a new issue.</p>



<p>4. In the &#8220;Create Issue&#8221; form, select the issue type as &#8220;Test&#8221;.</p>



<p>5. Fill in the required information such as summary, description, and any other relevant fields.</p>



<p>6. In the description or comments section, you can provide detailed steps for the test case, expected results, and any other necessary information.</p>



<p>7. Assign the issue to the appropriate team member responsible for executing the test case by selecting their name from the &#8220;Assignee&#8221; field.</p>



<p>8. Set the priority and other relevant fields based on your project&#8217;s requirements.</p>



<p>9. If necessary, you can attach files or screenshots to the test case by using the &#8220;Attachments&#8221; section.</p>



<p>10. Save the issue to create the test case in Jira.</p>



<p>11. Repeat the above steps for each additional test case you want to add.</p>



<h3 id="h-suggested-reading"><span id="Suggested_Reading">Suggested Reading</span></h3>



<customlinks>
<ts-link-item>
<ts-linktext-value>Test Cases for Jira</ts-linktext-value>
<ts-linkurl-value>https://testsigma.com/blog/executable-file-for-appium-server/</ts-linkurl-value>
</ts-link-item>
<ts-link-item>
<ts-linktext-value>Gmail test cases</ts-linktext-value>
<ts-linkurl-value>https://testsigma.com/blog/test-cases-for-gmail/</ts-linkurl-value>
</ts-link-item>
<ts-link-item>
<ts-linktext-value>Use case vs Test case</ts-linktext-value>
<ts-linkurl-value>https://testsigma.com/blog/test-case-vs-use-case/</ts-linkurl-value>
</ts-link-item>
<ts-link-item>
<ts-linktext-value>Test object</ts-linktext-value>
<ts-linkurl-value>https://testsigma.com/blog/test-object/</ts-linkurl-value>
</ts-link-item>
<ts-link-item>
<ts-linktext-value>Intelligent test automation</ts-linktext-value>
<ts-linkurl-value>https://testsigma.com/blog/intelligent-test-automation/</ts-linkurl-value>
</ts-link-item>
<ts-link-item>
<ts-linktext-value>Test Cases for Table</ts-linktext-value>
<ts-linkurl-value>https://testsigma.com/blog/test-cases-for-table/</ts-linkurl-value>
</ts-link-item>
</customlinks>



<p></p>


Test Case Template For Enhanced Software Quality


<p>Hey there, you can do project management in many different ways. And let me tell you, each has its perks and drawbacks. Two of the most popular methodologies are Agile and Waterfall. The waterfall method was the primary software development approach used by people ever since it was introduced in the 70s. Later, in 2001, people built Agile to address a few of the constraints of Waterfall. <span style="font-size: revert;color: initial">Though both have proven to be effective approaches to project management, they differ in several ways. This blog post will discuss the Agile vs Waterfall methodologies key differences.</span></p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="736" height="434" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Frame-48095882.png" alt="waterfall vs agile" class="wp-image-30049"/><figcaption>waterfall vs agile methodology</figcaption></figure></div>



<p><p style="padding-top:30px">Simply put, Waterfall involves completing each project phase before moving on to the next. It emphasizes planning upfront the different phases of development, such as requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. In contrast, Agile involves breaking a project into smaller, more manageable chunks and continuously iterating and improving upon them. Instead of following a predetermined plan, Agile emphasizes flexibility and collaboration between team members throughout the entire project cycle to accommodate change.</p></p>



<p>While both methodologies have strengths and weaknesses, understanding their differences is essential for choosing the right approach for your project. By learning about these methodologies and their unique characteristics, you can make informed decisions to help you achieve your project goals more efficiently and effectively.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Agile_Methodology_and_Waterfall_Methodology"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> Agile Methodology and Waterfall Methodology</a></li><li><a href="#When_is_Waterfall_Better_than_Agile"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> When is Waterfall Better than Agile?</a></li><li><a href="#When_Should_You_Choose_Agile_Over_Waterfall"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> When Should You Choose Agile Over Waterfall?</a></li><li><a href="#Can_you_Combine_Agile_and_Waterfall"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Can you Combine Agile and Waterfall?</a></li><li><a href="#Waterfall_Methodology_VS_Agile_Methodology_Advantages_Disadvantages"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Waterfall Methodology VS Agile Methodology: Advantages &amp; Disadvantages</a></li><li><a href="#Test_Automation_in_Agile_VS_Waterfall_Methodologies"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Test Automation in Agile VS Waterfall Methodologies</a></li><li><a href="#Agile_VS_Waterfall_Methodologies_8211_A_Summary"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Agile VS Waterfall Methodologies &#8211; A Summary</a></li><li><a href="#How_To_Choose_the_Right_Methodology_for_Your_Project"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> How To Choose the Right Methodology for Your Project?</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">9</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">10</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#Why_is_Agile_better_than_Waterfall"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">10.1</span> Why is Agile better than Waterfall?</a></li><li><a href="#When_to_choose_Agile_vs_Waterfall"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">10.2</span> When to choose Agile vs. Waterfall?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-agile-methodology-and-waterfall-methodology"><span id="Agile_Methodology_and_Waterfall_Methodology"><strong>Agile Methodology and Waterfall Methodology</strong></span></h2>



<p><strong>Waterfall methodology</strong> is a step-by-step approach to software development that focuses on sequentially progressing through each stage and phase of the development process.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It allows for a structured and organized way to create a software product, starting from understanding the problem and ending with the software going live.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This approach typically involves specifying all the requirements and features upfront, detailed analysis and design, coding, testing, and deployment.</p>



<p><strong>Agile methodology</strong> is a way of managing projects that focuses on delivering quick results, being able to handle changing requirements and emphasizing teamwork. It encourages an iterative approach, with frequent reviews and adjustments, so that the end product meets the customer&#8217;s needs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Agile differs from traditional project management because it treats projects as shorter sprints instead of significant, monolithic processes. This allows for greater flexibility and collaboration, leading to quicker completion of projects with higher quality results.</p>



<h2 id="when-is-waterfall-better-than-agile"><span id="When_is_Waterfall_Better_than_Agile"><strong>When is Waterfall Better than Agile?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Agile and Waterfall are two different project management approaches, so you cannot say that one is better. It depends on the project and team&#8217;s goals, resources, constraints, and deadlines.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Generally, Waterfall is best suited for projects with a clear set of requirements that don&#8217;t change much over time and where risk and uncertainty are low. Agile is better for exploratory projects where conditions may evolve or change over time.</p>



<h2 id="when-should-you-choose-agile-over-waterfall"><span id="When_Should_You_Choose_Agile_Over_Waterfall"><strong>When Should You Choose Agile Over Waterfall?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Agile is best suited for projects that require frequent changes and updates, whereas Waterfall is better for projects with predetermined, fixed results.</p>



<h2 id="can-you-combine-agile-and-waterfall"><span id="Can_you_Combine_Agile_and_Waterfall"><strong>Can you Combine Agile and Waterfall?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Yes, combining aspects of Agile and Waterfall project management approaches is possible. You can see people referring to this as the &#8220;hybrid&#8221; approach. It involves taking the best elements of both approaches and combining them into one cohesive plan to achieve the desired outcome.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The hybrid approach focuses on a more flexible process that allows for rapid feedback and re-prioritization while having milestones and clear deliverables rooted in the project scope. This helps create a more cohesive integration of daily activities and tasks within the framework of the larger project goals.</p>



<h2 id="h-waterfall-methodology-vs-agile-methodology-advantages-disadvantages"><span id="Waterfall_Methodology_VS_Agile_Methodology_Advantages_Disadvantages"><strong>Waterfall Methodology VS Agile Methodology: Advantages &amp; Disadvantages</strong></span></h2>



<p>Here are the advantages of each methodology, presented in separate points:</p>



<p><strong>Advantages of Waterfall Methodology:</strong></p>



<ol><li><strong>Clear and Defined Objectives</strong>: The Waterfall methodology is a linear approach that follows a sequential process. This means each project phase is completed before moving on to the next one. This approach provides clear objectives, making planning and managing the project easier.</li><li><strong>Predictable Outcomes</strong>: Since the Waterfall methodology follows a sequential process, predicting the project&#8217;s outcome is easier. This makes estimating the time and resources required for each project phase easier.</li><li><strong>Documentation</strong>: The Waterfall methodology requires detailed documentation, which makes it easier to maintain and update the project in the future. This documentation also helps ensure that the project meets the stakeholders&#8217; requirements.</li></ol>



<p><strong>Advantages of Agile Methodology:</strong></p>



<ol><li><strong>Adaptability</strong>: The Agile methodology is an iterative approach that allows flexibility and adaptability. The project can be adjusted based on stakeholder feedback or market changes.</li><li><strong>Faster Time to Market</strong>: Since the Agile methodology is iterative, it allows for faster development and deployment of the project. This means the project can be delivered to the market faster, giving the organization an advantage.</li><li><strong>Collaboration</strong>: The Agile methodology highlights the collaboration between the development team and the stakeholders. This collaboration helps to ensure that the project meets the needs of the stakeholders and that everyone is on the same page.</li></ol>



<p id="h-let-us-delve-into-the-major-drawbacks-of-waterfall-methodology-and-agile-methodology-presented-in-separate-points-for-clarity">Let us delve into the major drawbacks of Waterfall methodology and Agile methodology, presented in separate points for clarity:</p>



<p><strong>Disadvantages of Waterfall Methodology:</strong></p>



<ol><li>Firstly, The Waterfall methodology is a rigid approach that does not allow for changes or modifications once the project has begun. This lack of flexibility can lead to delays and increased costs if changes are required.</li><li>Second, High Risk: The Waterfall methodology is a high-risk approach as it relies on accurate planning and forecasting. If any assumptions made during the planning phase are incorrect, the entire project can be jeopardized. It is quite risky to conduct all the extensive testing once the project is almost done due to the temptation of rushing through it, especially when working with tight deadlines.</li><li>Thirdly, The Waterfall methodology does not prioritize customer involvement throughout the project. This can lead to a lack of understanding of the customer&#8217;s needs and requirements, resulting in a product that does not meet their expectations.</li><li>At last, it is time-consuming and can take months or even years to complete. This can be a disadvantage in today&#8217;s fast-paced business environment, where time-to-market is critical.</li></ol>



<p><strong>Disadvantages of Agile Methodology:</strong></p>



<ol><li>Firstly, Agile methodology can be challenging to implement in larger organizations. The flexibility and adaptability of Agile can lead to confusion and miscommunication among team members, particularly when working on complex projects.</li><li>Secondly, Agile methodology requires high collaboration and communication between team members. This can be difficult to achieve when team members are geographically dispersed or have conflicting schedules.</li><li>Thirdly, Agile methodology can result in a lack of documentation, which can be problematic for future reference or compliance purposes.</li><li>Lastly, Agile methodology can lead to scope creep, where the project&#8217;s scope expands beyond its original parameters. This can result in delays, increased costs, and a lack of focus on the project&#8217;s original goals.</li></ol>



<h2 id="h-test-automation-in-agile-vs-waterfall-methodologies"><span id="Test_Automation_in_Agile_VS_Waterfall_Methodologies"><strong>Test Automation in Agile VS Waterfall Methodologies</strong></span></h2>



<p>Regarding test automation, there are distinct differences between Agile and Waterfall methodologies. Understanding these differences is important for choosing the right tools for your testing needs.</p>



<ul><li>In Agile, test automation is integrated into the development process from the very beginning. This means testing is done continuously throughout the development cycle, allowing quick feedback and adjustments.</li><li>On the other hand, test automation in waterfall methodologies follows a more linear approach to development, with testing typically occurring at the end of the cycle. This can lead to delays and a lack of flexibility.</li></ul>



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<p>Many <a href="https://testsigma.com/tools/automation-testing-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test automation tools</a> exist that can help in both types: Testsigma, Selenium, Apium, and Cucumber.</p>



<p>One tool that stands out in both categories is Testsigma. This cloud-based test automation platform offers a range of features for Agile methodologies, including easy test case creation, test maintenance, and integrations with popular tools like JIRA and Slack. With Testsigma, teams can streamline their testing processes and improve overall efficiency. Testsigma automates <a href="https://testsigma.com/end-to-end-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">end-to-end tests</a> for web, mobile, APIs, and Desktop applications.</p>



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<p>Agile methodologies are best suited for projects that require flexibility and adaptability, while waterfall methodologies are best suited for projects that require a detailed plan and a structured approach. Ultimately, the choice between the two methodologies will depend on the specific needs of your project.</p>



<p><strong>Read about <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/agile-testing-methodology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Agile Testing Methodology</a></strong>.</p>



<h2 id="h-agile-vs-waterfall-methodologies-a-summary"><span id="Agile_VS_Waterfall_Methodologies_8211_A_Summary"><strong>Agile VS Waterfall Methodologies &#8211; A Summary</strong></span></h2>



<p>To help you better understand the differences between Agile and Waterfall methodologies, we have created a comparison table below:</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Criteria</strong></td><td><strong>Agile</strong></td><td><strong>Waterfall</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Approach</strong></td><td>Iterative and Incremental</td><td>Sequential</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Flexibility</strong></td><td>Highly flexible and adaptable</td><td>Less flexible</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Planning</strong></td><td>Minimal planning is enough</td><td>Detailed planning required</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Customer Involvement</strong></td><td>High level of customer involvement</td><td>Low level of customer involvement</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Risk management</strong></td><td>Continuous risk management</td><td>&nbsp;Risk management at the beginning of the project</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Documentation</strong></td><td>&nbsp;Minimal documentation required</td><td>Extensive documentation required</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Time and cost</strong></td><td>Challenging to estimate time and cost</td><td>Easy to estimate time and cost</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="h-how-to-choose-the-right-methodology-for-your-project"><span id="How_To_Choose_the_Right_Methodology_for_Your_Project"><strong>How To Choose the Right Methodology for Your Project?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Waterfall and Agile are two popular methodologies with unique advantages and disadvantages.</p>



<p><strong>Waterfall methodology</strong> is a linear approach that follows a sequential process. It is ideal for projects with a clear beginning and end, well-defined requirements, and a fixed scope for unexpected changes. This methodology is suitable for projects that require a high level of documentation and planning.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Read all about <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/waterfall-model-in-software-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Waterfall Model in Software Testing</a></strong></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>On the other hand, <strong>Agile methodology</strong> is an iterative approach that focuses on delivering value to the customer in small increments. It is best suited for projects with changing requirements and flexible scope. Agile is ideal for projects that require frequent feedback and collaboration between the development team and the customer. This methodology is suitable for projects that require a high level of adaptability and flexibility.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Read all about</strong> <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/agile-model-in-software-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Agile Model in Software Testing</strong></a></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>So we conclude here that selecting the right methodology for your project is essential to its success. By understanding the differences between Waterfall and Agile, you can make an informed decision based on your project requirements.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-why-is-agile-better-than-waterfall"><span id="Why_is_Agile_better_than_Waterfall"><strong>Why is Agile better than Waterfall?</strong></span></h3>



<p>Agile is better than waterfall because it provides a flexible and iterative approach to software development. Agile promotes customer involvement and satisfaction by continuously delivering increments of working software rather than waiting until the end of the project to release a final product.</p>



<h3 id="h-when-to-choose-agile-vs-waterfall"><span id="When_to_choose_Agile_vs_Waterfall"><strong>When to choose Agile vs. Waterfall?</strong></span></h3>



<p>It ultimately depends on the project&#8217;s size, complexity, risk factors, and the team and stakeholders&#8217; preferences. Agile is suitable for projects requiring flexibility and constant requirements changes, such as software development, where customer feedback and engagement are critical. On the other hand, Waterfall is ideal for projects with well-defined stages and straightforward, linear requirements.</p>


Difference Between Agile and Waterfall Methodologies

Agile VS Waterfall: Difference Between Methodologies

Alpha Testing 101 Everything You Need to Know

Alpha Testing : What it is, Why ,Process & When to Automate?


<p>As software development becomes increasingly important and complex, understanding the methods and techniques used to ensure quality and reliability in software testing is essential. One such method is Pilot testing!</p>



<p>Pilot testing involves testing a limited software version with a small group of users before releasing it to the general public. People often use pilot testing in combination with other testing methods like <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/alpha-test-vs-beta-test/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpha and beta testing</a>.</p>



<p>This blog will help you figure out the perks and cool ways to pilot-test your software so that it&#8217;s super easy for users and totally rocks for your target audience.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/pilot-testing_885e499a14752c5f8bb63144a8554ed8_2000.jpeg" alt="This is not Pilot testing"/></figure></div>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Pilot_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Pilot Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_Pilot_Testing_is_Important"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Why Pilot Testing is Important?</a></li><li><a href="#Objectives_Of_Pilot_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Objectives Of Pilot Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Example_of_Pilot_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Example of Pilot Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_Pilot_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Benefits of Pilot Testing</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Do_Pilot_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> How to Do Pilot Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Steps_after_Evaluation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Steps after Evaluation </a></li><li><a href="#When_to_Automate_Your_Pilot_Tests"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> When to Automate Your Pilot Tests?</a></li><li><a href="#Pilot_Testing_vs_Beta_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">9</span> Pilot Testing vs Beta Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Best_Practices"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">10</span> Best Practices </a></li><li><a href="#Summary"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">11</span> Summary</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">12</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#Is_pilot_testing_a_reliability_test"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">12.1</span> Is pilot testing a reliability test?</a></li><li><a href="#Is_pilot_testing_an_essential_part_of_all_research_projectsnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">12.2</span> Is pilot testing an essential part of all research projects?&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_the_difference_between_pilot_testing_and_UAT"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">12.3</span> What is the difference between pilot testing and UAT?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-pilot-testing"><span id="What_is_Pilot_Testing"><strong>What is Pilot Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Pilot testing in software testing is a type of User Acceptance Testing where a small group of users or stakeholders are selected to test the application in a real-world setting. The objective is to identify any issues that may arise during production use and improve the overall quality of the product. </p>



<p>Based on their feedback, testers can further refine the application to enhance its features and ensure it meets user requirements before launching it for widespread use. Working with real-world users under actual production conditions helps organizations mitigate risk by identifying potential problems before releasing an application into production.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-pilot-testing-is-important"><span id="Why_Pilot_Testing_is_Important"><strong>Why Pilot Testing is Important?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Here are some key reasons why it is important:</p>



<ul><li><strong>Minimizes Risk</strong>: It helps identify any design flaws, usability issues, or gaps in functionality that could derail the project&#8217;s success. This ensures that the final product meets expectations.</li><li><strong>Saves Time and Money</strong>: It allows teams to make changes earlier in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">development cycle</a> when less expensive and reduces the likelihood of major development roadblocks during final deployment.</li><li><strong>Gains Valuable Insights</strong>: Through pilot testing, developers can gain valuable feedback from their target audience to refine functionality needs and better understand user behavior.</li><li><strong>Increases User Adoption</strong>: The findings from pilot tests allow developers to see how users interact with their product or service. Testers can then fine-tune their offering accordingly, increasing <a href="https://whop.com/blog/product-adoption-metrics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adoption rates</a> for new products as they launch.</li></ul>



<h2 id="objectives-of-pilot-testing"><span id="Objectives_Of_Pilot_Testing"><strong>Objectives Of Pilot Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p><strong>1. Identify Performance Limitations:</strong> It enables evaluation of the actual performance of a product against known, predetermined skills and processes. This allows companies to identify any unexpected difficulties the product may cause in the user&#8217;s normal operations.</p>



<p><strong>2. Validate System Requirements: </strong>Testing a product before the official launch helps identify any missing functionalities and extra ones that may not have been necessary. This helps validate system requirements before the actual product launch.</p>



<p><strong>3. Assess Product Usability: </strong>It helps assess a product&#8217;s ease of use and user-friendliness. Assessing usability helps ensure that the product&#8217;s user experience is up to the standards and is user-friendly.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>4. Refine and Improve:</strong> Through pilot testing, companies gain valuable insights which can be used for product improvements. Companies can identify potential areas of improvement and refine product features according to user feedback.</p>



<p><strong>5. Reduce System Risk: </strong>It helps identify potential errors before the product&#8217;s launch. This helps reduce the risk of failures or crashes after the launch of a product. Companies can also fix any issues identified during the pilot phase before the product is ready for launch.</p>



<h2 id="h-example-of-pilot-testing"><span id="Example_of_Pilot_Testing"><strong>Example of Pilot Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p>We will give you a quick and easy example to help you understand how this works.</p>



<p>A company has developed a new mobile app for booking flights. Before releasing the app to the public, they would conduct pilot tests by selecting a small group of users to test it in real-world scenarios. They will ask these users to perform various tasks such as searching for flights, booking tickets, and checking in for their flights.</p>



<p>During this pilot testing phase, testers would closely monitor the app&#8217;s performance and gather user feedback on any issues. This feedback would then be used to make necessary changes and improvements to the app before it is released to the public.</p>



<h2 id="h-benefits-of-pilot-testing"><span id="Benefits_of_Pilot_Testing"><strong>Benefits of Pilot Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p>The benefits includes:</p>



<ol><li>Saving time and money by catching errors early on and avoiding costly mistakes during larger implementations.</li><li>Providing an opportunity for stakeholders to provide feedback and shape the project&#8217;s direction.</li><li>Assessing the usability and functionality of products or services under real-world conditions.</li><li>Reducing risks associated with launching new initiatives, such as low adoption rates or negative customer reception.</li><li>Improving overall quality by incorporating feedback into design iterations before finalizing the product or service.</li></ol>



<h2 id="h-how-to-do-pilot-testing"><span id="How_to_Do_Pilot_Testing"><strong>How to Do Pilot Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Here is a step-by-step guide on how to do this testing like a professional:</p>



<ol><li>Step one involves identifying your target audience and selecting a sample size that accurately represents them.</li><li>Step two requires defining your objectives and determining the data collection methods.</li><li>It&#8217;s important to create guidelines for testing protocols and ensure sufficient resources are available for executing the tests at scale during step three.</li><li>The fourth step involves carrying out the tests in controlled environments, followed by a thorough analysis of the results gathered in step five.</li><li>Once this evaluation is complete, the sixth and final stage involves fine-tuning your product or service based on feedback and implementing necessary changes before finalization.</li></ol>



<h2 id="h-steps-after-evaluation"><span id="Steps_after_Evaluation"><strong>Steps after Evaluation </strong></span></h2>



<p>After the evaluation , the next step is to analyze and interpret the results obtained. This involves</p>



<ul><li>reviewing data collected from the pilot test and</li><li>assessing its validity, reliability, and relevance.</li></ul>



<p>Once this is done, requests can be made about whether to proceed with full-scale implementation or modify the design. The modifications could include changes in how data will be collected during the deployment phase. Finally, documenting lessons learned during pilot testing provides valuable insights that can contribute towards improved processes and outcomes when deploying on a broader scale. Also, clear communication of findings should occur with stakeholders so they are fully informed about the importance of investment.</p>



<h2 id="h-when-to-automate-your-pilot-tests"><span id="When_to_Automate_Your_Pilot_Tests"><strong>When to Automate Your Pilot Tests?</strong></span></h2>



<p>As software development cycles continue to shorten, automated pilot testing has become essential for ensuring product quality and meeting tight deadlines. However, not all aspects of a project require automation; the decision to automate pilot tests must be made carefully based on considerations such as project size, frequency of updates, and level of complexity. </p>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Automated testing</a> is ideal for projects with constantly changing user requirements or a significant volume of repetitive tests that can quickly bog down manual testers. Automating pilot testing takes place post-UAT but pre-deployment, serving as a preparatory exercise for usability testing with a reduced user count.



Testsigma is a <a href="https://testsigma.com/codeless-automation-testing-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">no-code test automation tool</a> that lets you automate your tests for web, mobile, APIs and desktop applications in minutes. Writing and editing tests is as easy as writing and editing a simple English sentence. </p>



<div style="height:17px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h2 id="pilot-testing-vs-beta-testing"><span id="Pilot_Testing_vs_Beta_Testing"><strong>Pilot Testing vs Beta Testing</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Features</strong></td><td><strong>Pilot Testing</strong></td><td><strong><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/beta-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beta Testing</a></strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Timing&nbsp;</strong></td><td>Testing is done before the release of the product</td><td>Beta testing is done after the release of the product</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Purpose</strong></td><td>it is done to verify the product functions as anticipated</td><td>Beta testing is done to evaluate how the product&#8217;s features meet the user&#8217;s needs after the release</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Intended Users</strong></td><td>it is done by select users that represent the general group of users</td><td>Beta testing is done by a larger group of users that may represent a larger group of users</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Scope&nbsp;</strong></td><td>it has a small scope and limited feature set</td><td>Beta testing has a much larger scope and broader feature set</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Feedback</strong></td><td>it provides feedback about the product before the public release</td><td>Beta testing offers user feedback to product developers about how to make the product better for future releases</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="h-best-practices"><span id="Best_Practices"><strong>Best Practices </strong></span></h2>



<p>Here are some tips to help you get started:</p>



<ol><li><strong>Clearly define your goals for the pilot test</strong>. Are you testing for usability, functionality, or effectiveness? Determining this beforehand will help you create a focused and successful pilot test.</li><li><strong>Select your pilot participants carefully</strong>. Make sure you choose a diverse group of people who represent your target audience. This will help you get a variety of feedback and insights.</li><li><strong>Provide clear instructions and guidance to your pilot participants</strong>. Make sure they understand what they are supposed to do and provide them with any necessary materials or information.</li><li><strong>Be open to feedback and take notes</strong>. Listen carefully to what your pilot participants say, and take detailed notes on their feedback and suggestions.</li><li>Use the feedback to improve your product or service.</li><li>After the pilot test, analyze the feedback you received and make any necessary changes to improve your product or service.</li></ol>



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</div>



<h2 id="h-summary"><span id="Summary"><strong>Summary</strong></span></h2>



<p>It&#8217;s important to consider factors like who your target audience is, how many people you need for the test, and what kind of feedback you want to gather from them. You&#8217;ll also want to establish clear objectives and metrics for success so that you can analyze the data collected during testing and use it to improve your product before going live. So do your due diligence with pilot testing- it may be the key to unlocking your product&#8217;s full potential!</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-is-pilot-testing-a-reliability-test"><span id="Is_pilot_testing_a_reliability_test">Is pilot testing a reliability test?</span></h3>



<p>Pilot test can provide valuable data that can inform and improve the reliability testing process, but it is not a substitute for it.</p>



<h3 id="is-pilot-testing-an-essential-part-of-all-research-projects"><span id="Is_pilot_testing_an_essential_part_of_all_research_projectsnbsp">Is pilot testing an essential part of all research projects?&nbsp;</span></h3>



<p>Pilot testing is not always an essential part of all research projects, but it is a helpful tool to consider.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pilot testing is a useful method to develop evidence and insights into a project’s results before launching the full-scale project.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="what-is-the-difference-between-pilot-testing-and-uat"><span id="What_is_the_difference_between_pilot_testing_and_UAT">What is the difference between pilot testing and UAT?</span></h3>



<p>Pilot testing is when a small, usually representative subset of the user groups is assessed with a prototype or early version of the product being developed. Its goal is to discover any usability issues, evaluate features, and identify areas of improvement in the product.&nbsp;</p>



<p>User Acceptance Testing (UAT) occurs during the final stages of the development cycle, usually after a full product version is created. UAT focuses more on performance, functionality, usability, and security within the specified requirements.</p>


What is Pilot testing in Software Testing

Pilot Testing | What it is, Why ,How to Do & Best Practices


<p>Welcome, Fellow Software buffs! Have you ever wondered how to convert those vexing user stories into valuable and efficient test cases? Look no further! since we&#8217;ll dive into the fascinating field of user stories in testing today! When following agile methodology for software development, user stories will be the basis for your work.</p>



<p>That&#8217;s where we come in; with our helpful guide, you&#8217;ll learn how to wrangle those user stories into test cases, making your testing process easier and less stressful. We&#8217;ll go through everything from the fundamentals of user stories to the finer points of writing test cases to guarantee your program functions smoothly.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s get started!</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_a_User_Story"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is a User Story?</a></li><li><a href="#Characteristics_of_a_user_story"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Characteristics of a user story</a></li><li><a href="#Examples_of_User_Stories_in_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Examples of User Stories in Testing</a><ul><li><a href="#User_Story_1"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.1</span> User Story 1:</a></li><li><a href="#User_Story_2"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.2</span> User Story 2:</a></li><li><a href="#User_Story_3"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.3</span> User Story 3:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_User_Stories_in_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Benefits of User Stories in Testing</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Convert_User_Stories_Into_Test_Cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> How to Convert User Stories Into Test Cases?</a><ul><li><a href="#Identify_the_scenarios"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Identify the scenarios:</a></li><li><a href="#Define_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.2</span> Define the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#Write_the_test_steps"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.3</span> Write the test steps:</a></li><li><a href="#Add_relevant_screenshots"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.4</span> Add relevant screenshots:</a></li><li><a href="#Prioritize_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.5</span> Prioritize the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#Update_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.6</span> Update the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Make_This_Activity_Helpful_for_Test_Automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.7</span> How to Make This Activity Helpful for Test Automation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Question"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Frequently Asked Question</a><ul><li><a href="#Who_writes_user_stories"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.1</span> Who writes user stories?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_two_types_of_user_stories"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.2</span> What are the two types of user stories?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-a-user-story"><span id="What_is_a_User_Story"><strong>What is a User Story?</strong></span></h2>



<p>The user story is a term narrated extensively in the Agile software development context, but what exactly is it?</p>



<p>User story testing is a brief, concise explanation of a product or capability from the end user&#8217;s perspective. In an Agile process, a user story is a small workflow unit. It allows the development team to understand the user&#8217;s wants and needs and ensures that the program fits those demands. It is often used in software development.</p>



<p>User stories are typically written in a specific format;</p>



<ol><li>User</li><li>Functionality</li><li>Goal</li></ol>



<p>User stories are essential for directing the development process and ensuring the final product meets the consumer&#8217;s demands. As a <strong>User</strong>, I seek <strong>Functionality</strong> so that the <strong>Goal</strong> is structured. Examples include wanting to follow their purchase status online and knowing when to anticipate delivery. Testers must understand and turn user stories into appealing test cases to ensure the program functions as intended.</p>



<h2 id="h-characteristics-of-a-user-story"><span id="Characteristics_of_a_user_story"><strong>Characteristics of a user story</strong></span></h2>



<p>User stories are a great component for any development team, but there are several crucial characteristics to consider while designing them, mentioned below:</p>



<ul><li>A quick and concise explanation of a software feature or need.</li><li>Written from the standpoint of a user or stakeholder.</li><li>Features acceptance criteria for defining the feature&#8217;s expected behavior. It may be divided into smaller, more manageable chunks (epics, themes, or tasks).</li><li>Often written in “user, functionality, goal” &#8211; format, the development team and stakeholders reach a common understanding.</li><li>Priorities are assigned based on business value and influence on end-user experience.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-examples-of-user-stories-in-testing"><span id="Examples_of_User_Stories_in_Testing">Examples of User Stories in Testing</span></h2>



<p>Let&#8217;s look at some user story testing examples to understand better what they are:</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-1"><span id="User_Story_1">User Story 1:</span></h3>



<p>As a user on social media, I want to be able to modify my profile information, So that I can keep my expertise current.</p>



<p>By doing so, Users can easily alter their profile information to maintain their knowledge and personal details on the platform, focusing on their motivation and desired outcome.</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-2"><span id="User_Story_2">User Story 2:</span></h3>



<p>As an online shopper, I want to limit search results by price to select items within my budget.</p>



<p>This user story reflects online customers&#8217; needs to specify a price range when looking for items. This feature allows customers to filter search results by price, improving the browsing experience by allowing them to exclude goods outside of their specified price range.</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-3"><span id="User_Story_3">User Story 3:</span></h3>



<p>As a fitness app user, I want to track my progress over time to see how I am progressing.</p>



<p>This user story highlights fitness app users&#8217; need to track their progress and performance over time. This option&nbsp;allows users to examine their fitness journey, such as steps done, calories burnt, distance travelled, or weight lifted, to assess their progress and make educated fitness decisions. With the growing demand for fitness apps, it&#8217;s important to choose a reliable and experienced <a href="https://onix-systems.com/sports-and-fitness-development-services" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fitness app development company</a> that can create a user-friendly and feature-rich app tailored to individual fitness goals.</p>



<h2 id="h-benefits-of-user-stories-in-testing"><span id="Benefits_of_User_Stories_in_Testing">Benefits of User Stories in Testing</span></h2>



<p>User stories offer a variety of benefits to software development teams:</p>



<ul><li>To clearly understand what the user wants helps developers create software that meets their needs.</li><li>Encourage collaboration between developers, testers, and stakeholders, leading to a better end product.</li><li>They can be easily prioritized, allowing teams to focus on the most important features first.</li><li>To help identify potential issues and challenges early on in the development process.</li><li>Promote a user-centered approach to software development, resulting in a more satisfying user experience.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-convert-user-stories-into-test-cases"><span id="How_to_Convert_User_Stories_Into_Test_Cases">How to Convert User Stories Into Test Cases?</span></h2>



<p>Once you have a solid understanding of user stories, the next step is to convert them into practical and effective test cases. Here&#8217;s an example that demonstrates how you can do it:</p>



<p><strong>User Story: </strong>I want to add products to my shopping basket on an e-commerce website to make a purchase.</p>



<h3 id="h-identify-the-scenarios"><span id="Identify_the_scenarios">Identify the scenarios:</span></h3>



<ul><li>Scenario 1: Adding one item to the shopping cart.</li><li>Scenario 2: Adding numerous items to the shopping cart.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-define-the-test-cases"><span id="Define_the_test_cases">Define the test cases:</span></h3>



<ul><li>In Test Case 1, Confirm that a single item may be added to the shopping basket.</li><li>Verify that a user may add numerous products to the shopping basket in Test Case 2.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-write-the-test-steps"><span id="Write_the_test_steps">Write the test steps:</span></h3>



<p><strong>Test Case 1:</strong></p>



<ol><li>Go to the product&#8217;s page.</li><li>For the chosen item, click the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; button.</li><li>Check that the item has been put to the shopping basket.</li></ol>



<p><strong>Test Case 2:</strong></p>



<ol><li>Go to the product&#8217;s page.</li><li>Select multiple items by selecting the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; buttons next to them.</li><li>Check that all selected goods have been put in the shopping basket.</li></ol>



<h3 id="h-add-relevant-screenshots"><span id="Add_relevant_screenshots">Add relevant screenshots:</span></h3>



<p>Include images of the product page, the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; button, and the updated shopping cart after the item(s) have been added.</p>



<h3 id="h-prioritize-the-test-cases"><span id="Prioritize_the_test_cases">Prioritize the test cases:</span></h3>



<p>Prioritize the situations depending on their relevance. </p>



<p><strong>Test Case 1</strong> is a priority since it covers the core operation of adding a single item to the shopping cart.</p>



<h3 id="h-update-the-test-cases"><span id="Update_the_test_cases">Update the test cases:</span></h3>



<p>Update the test cases as the user narrative matures or changes. For example, if the user narrative is changed to include the ability to remove products from the shopping cart, the test cases should be updated to incorporate the removal procedures.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-make-this-activity-helpful-for-test-automation"><span id="How_to_Make_This_Activity_Helpful_for_Test_Automation">How to Make This Activity Helpful for Test Automation</span></h3>



<p>To make the activity of turning user stories into test cases helpful for <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test automation</a>, there are several key considerations:</p>



<ol><li><strong>Selecting the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/10-points-to-help-you-choose-the-right-test-automation-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Right Test Automation Tool</a>:</strong> Select a test automation solution that is compatible with the needs of your project, such as Testsigma, which can automate test cases efficiently.</li><li><strong>Creating Automation-Friendly Test Steps:</strong> Focus on generating test procedures that can be easily converted into automated scripts while writing test cases, reducing difficult activities into manageable processes.</li><li><strong>Prioritizing Test Cases for Automation:</strong> You may choose which test cases should be automated first by assigning priority to them. Concentrating on high-priority test cases may optimize your automation efforts while ensuring key functionality is adequately evaluated.</li></ol>



<p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="display: block; margin: auto;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Start automating your user stories for web, mobile, API, and desktop applications, 10x faster, with Testsigma</a></button></p>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px">Testsigma is a no-code test automation tool that reduces human error, saves time, and offers scalability. With Testsigma, writing test cases is as easy as writing sentences in simple English; thus converting your user stories into efficient and effective test cases is easier. It reduces human error by conducting automated tests consistently and reliably, saves time by completing tests quickly, and offers scalability to meet the demands of a project.</p></p>



<br><h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>Finally, turning user stories into compelling test cases is essential in ensuring your program meets your users&#8217; needs. Thanks to our easy-to-use test automation platform, these stories can be easily turned into automated tests and executed quickly and efficiently with Testsigma.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-question"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Question"><strong>Frequently Asked Question</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-who-writes-user-stories"><span id="Who_writes_user_stories">Who writes user stories?</span></h3>



<p>User stories are often developed by product owners, business analysts, or other stakeholders who thoroughly understand the users&#8217; needs and expectations. The idea is to get everyone on the team on the same page about what the program needs to do and what features will be required to get there.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-two-types-of-user-stories"><span id="What_are_the_two_types_of_user_stories">What are the two types of user stories?</span></h3>



<p>The two types of user stories are functional and technical. Functional stories focus on the user and the value of the application software&#8217;s functioning, while technical stories are written to supplement functional stories. Technical stories are further subdivided into:</p>



<ul><li>infrastructure stories</li><li>refactoring stories</li><li>spike stories</li></ul>



<p>The technical stories require architecture and design research to meet the customer&#8217;s functional requirements.</p>


User Stories In Testing How To Convert it Into Test Cases

User Stories In Testing: How To Convert it Into Test Cases?


<p>The browser renders web pages as HTML documents, HTML documents contain a series of HTML elements such as &lt;body&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;title&gt; &lt;p&gt; etc. <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-web-application-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Automation Testing of web application</a>s requires components of the webpages to be identified uniquely to perform any action on that. Locators or Selectors are used to identify the web elements uniquely on the webpage. The Locators are a series of elements chained with the selector-specific syntaxes. However, every automation tool provides its own method to find element by XPath.Selectors can be broadly classified into,</p>



<ul><li>CSS selectors</li><li>XPath</li></ul>



<p>The XPath selector is the most commonly used selector and is supported by all major browsers and test automation tools.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Find_Element_by_XPath_in_Chrome"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> How to Find Element by XPath in Chrome</a></li><li><a href="#FindElement_by_XPath_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> FindElement by XPath in Selenium</a></li><li><a href="#FindElement_by_XPath_Detailed_Guide"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> FindElement by XPath Detailed Guide</a></li><li><a href="#Find_Elements_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Find Elements in Selenium</a><ul><li><a href="#Find_Elements_in_Selenium_Code_Example"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Find Elements in Selenium Code Example</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Using_FindElements_by_XPath_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Using FindElement(s) by XPath in Selenium.</a><ul><li><ul><li><a href="#Create_a_web_driver_object"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.1</span> Create a web driver object</a></li><li><a href="#Navigate_to_webpage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.2</span> Navigate to webpage</a></li><li><a href="#Log_the_text_value_of_the_element"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.3</span> Log the text value of the element</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_XPath-2"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.1</span> What is XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_Absolute_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.2</span> What is Absolute XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_Relative_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.3</span> What is Relative XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#Which_locator_strategy_is_most_recommended"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.4</span> Which locator strategy is most recommended?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_find_the_XPath_Value"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.5</span> How to find the XPath Value?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_find_the_XPath_by_Text"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.6</span> How to find the XPath by Text?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-xpath"><span id="What_is_XPath">What is XPath?</span></h2>



<p>XPath stands for XML Path Language. It is an XML Path notation used for navigation throughout the HTML document of the page. It uses the XML-based syntax to find the HTML element on the webpage. XPath is also known as a query language. The XPath works for any complicated application. General Syntax for XPath is as follows.</p>



//tagname[@attribute=&#8217;value&#8217;]



<p>For example, you can construct XPath,</p>



 //div[@id=&#8217;myid&#8217;]



<ul><li><strong>//: </strong>Selects the current node.</li><li><strong>Tag name:</strong> Name of the tag.</li><li><strong>@: </strong>Select the attribute.</li><li><strong>Attribute Name:</strong> Name of the attribute.</li><li><strong>Value:</strong> Value of the attribute.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-find-element-by-xpath-in-chrome"><span id="How_to_Find_Element_by_XPath_in_Chrome">How to Find Element by XPath in Chrome</span></h2>



<p>The XPath is supported by most modern browsers. Browsers like Chrome allow us to write the XPath in the developer tools and check the correctness. If your XPath is correct, then chrome highlights the specific web element in UI.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s discuss how to write the XPath in Chrome Browser,Let&#8217;s take the above-mentioned scenario of finding the XPath for &lt;ul&gt; that contains the list of product menu.</p>



<p>1. Navigate to the Webpage.</p>



<p>You can Navigate to any webpage you wish, for simplicity let&#8217;s navigate to https://testsigma.com/.</p><br><p style="padding-bottom:30px">2. Right Click on the desired element in our case its footer element and Click on Inspect.</p><br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_5997ce681e67d6d68124ccc91593895d_2000.png" alt="inspect" width="800" height="400" /></figure></div>



<p><p style="padding-top:30px">Ensure the Chrome DevTools opens with the Elements tab Activated.3. Use the Ctrl+F key to bring the Search Input into the dev tools4. Construct the XPath using the XPath rules.XPath follows certain syntaxes mentioned above; it may start with / or //, and you need to follow XPath syntax.</p></p>



<p>Now, you need to find the list of the footer links using XPath. You have a ul tag associated with li, which can be constructed as shown below.</p>



//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li<br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_e40eb4e5e17a32733f0a3bd5670a5ed3_2000.png" alt="find element by xpath" width="900" height="400" /></figure></div>



<p>For example, as you can see in the above screenshot. First &lt;li&gt; is highlighted and in the search box you can see there are 18 matches. There are 18 different links in the list.</p>



<p>You need to follow the same steps for other browsers also. As mentioned before, most of the modern browser supports XPath. You can also use Edge, Firefox, Chromium, or any similar browsers.</p>



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<h2 id="h-findelement-by-xpath-in-selenium"><span id="FindElement_by_XPath_in_Selenium">FindElement by XPath in Selenium</span></h2>



<p>The FindElement and FindElements are two different methods that help to find the element in the webpage, by using the locator strategies.</p>



<p><strong>FindElement in Selenium: </strong>The FindElement method returns the WebElement object which contains the <a href="https://www.freedomscientific.com/SurfsUp/Elements.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">element of the webpage</a>. It returns the Single element so it is more suitable when you are acting on a single web element. When you execute the FindElement() logic on the browser, it searches for the matches based on the locator Strategy. Returns you the first locator that matches.</p>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px"><strong>FindElements in Selenium: </strong>Unlike the FindElement method, the FindElements method returns multiple elements as a list (List&lt;WebElement&gt;) so it is more appropriate when you want to perform the operation on a series of web elements.</p></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Find Element</strong></td><td><strong>FindElements</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Returns the Single Element of Type WebElement</td><td>Returns the multiple web element of type List&lt;WebElement&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Returns First most web element if there are multiple matches</td><td>Returns the list of web elements</td></tr><tr><td>Cannot iterate over multiple elements</td><td>Helps to iterate over multiple elements and perform an action on them</td></tr><tr><td>If there is no Element NoSuchElementException is thrown</td><td>Returns the empty list if no matching element is found</td></tr><tr><td>Since there is only one element cannot access the element by index</td><td>If there are multiple elements we can access the element by using index. The index starts from 0, 0<sup>th</sup> index returns the first web element</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="h-findelement-by-xpath-detailed-guide"><span id="FindElement_by_XPath_Detailed_Guide">FindElement by XPath Detailed Guide</span></h2>



<p>The below example shows the usage of findElement using Java.</p>



WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.LocatorStrategy(&#8220;SelectorValue&#8221;));



<ul><li><strong>driver: </strong>the driver is an instance of Selenium Webdriver</li><li><strong>findElement: </strong>The Find Element method requires Locator Strategy as the parameter.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-find-elements-in-selenium"><span id="Find_Elements_in_Selenium">Find Elements in Selenium</span></h2>



<p>As the name indicates, the findElements returns multiple web elements as a List. This method fetches multiple elements at once and performs iterative operations on them.</p>



<h3 id="h-find-elements-in-selenium-code-example"><span id="Find_Elements_in_Selenium_Code_Example">Find Elements in Selenium Code Example</span></h3>



<p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; elementList = driver.findElements(By.LocatorStrategy(&#8220;Selector&#8221;));



<ul><li><strong>Driver:</strong> The driver is an instance of the Selenium Webdriver.</li><li><strong>FindElements: </strong>A method in selenium, requires the LocatorStrategy as parameters.</li><li>Returns the List containing the Web elements.</li></ul>



<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>



<p style="padding-bottom:30px">Let’s consider we have a list of footer links, and we wanted to fetch all the links at once and get the text. Then we can construct find elements by XPath like below,</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_f625f2a41d65e975591828b44197007e_2000.png" alt="footer links" /></figure>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; links = driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));



<h2 id="h-using-findelement-s-by-xpath-in-selenium"><span id="Using_FindElements_by_XPath_in_Selenium">Using FindElement(s) by XPath in Selenium.</span></h2>



<p>As mentioned above selenium provides the FindElement(s) method to fetch the locator from the webpage. You can use this method with the driver by passing the Locator strategy as a parameter.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s understand it with a simple scenario.</p>



<ol><li>Navigate to Testsigma.</li><li>Find the footers in the footer section.</li><li>Log the Text of the footers.</li></ol>



<p>To write the above scenarios in Selenium we need to follow different steps. Let&#8217;s take a look one by one.</p>



<h4 id="h-create-a-web-driver-object"><span id="Create_a_web_driver_object">Create a web driver object</span></h4>



WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver()



<h4 id="h-navigate-to-webpage"><span id="Navigate_to_webpage">Navigate to webpage</span></h4>



driver.get(&#8220;https://testsigma.com/ &#8220;);



<p>Find the footer Element which is having the list of items.</p>



<p>As discussed in the Chrome XPath section, the ul and li holds the list of product menu items.</p>



<p>Let’s construct XPath for the same,</p>



XPath: //footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li



<p>Once you have the XPath, pass this XPath as a locator strategy for the Find Element by XPath method. Example:</p>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; elements =driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));



<h4 id="h-log-the-text-value-of-the-element"><span id="Log_the_text_value_of_the_element">Log the text value of the element</span></h4>



<p>To log the text value of the element, you need to iterate over each element and log it.</p>



<p>Putting everything together, below is a code example to find element by XPath.</p>



import java.util.List;<br>import org.junit.Test;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.By;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;<br>public class SeleniumXPath {<br>@Test<br>public void seleniumDemoTest() {<br>WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();<br>driver.get(&#8220;https://www.testsigma.com&#8221;);<br>driver.switchTo().frame(&#8220;iframeResult&#8221;);<br>List elements = driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));<br>for (WebElement element : elements) {<br>System.out.println(element.getText());<br>}<br>}<br>}




<p>The above example illustrates the Selenium Find Element by XPath. Similarly, you can use the Selenium findElement by ID.</p>



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<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions">Frequently Asked Questions</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-xpath-1"><span id="What_is_XPath-2">What is XPath?</span></h3>



<p>XPath is XSLT standard element. It can be used to navigate elements in XML or HTML DOM contents.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-absolute-xpath"><span id="What_is_Absolute_XPath">What is Absolute XPath?</span></h3>



<p>Absolute XPath is the least used XPath type; it starts from the root of the HTML DOM tree. Absolute XPath Starts with a single slash (/).</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-relative-xpath"><span id="What_is_Relative_XPath">What is Relative XPath?</span></h3>



<p>Relative XPath is the most used XPath type; it starts with a double slash (//).</p>



<h3 id="h-which-locator-strategy-is-most-recommended"><span id="Which_locator_strategy_is_most_recommended">Which locator strategy is most recommended?</span></h3>



<p>There are different types of locator strategies available in Selenium, such as ID, class, name, Link text, and XPath. However, various experts suggest using the XPath when there are no other locators available to use. One of the reasons is &#8211; typically, XPath is associated with more than one HTML elements, so any new functionality can break the existing XPath.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-find-the-xpath-value"><span id="How_to_find_the_XPath_Value">How to find the XPath Value?</span></h3>



<p>Any modern browser’s developer tools can help to find the XPath value; there are third-party plugins that can help you to find the XPath easily. However, the browser dev tools can help you in most of the scenarios.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-find-the-xpath-by-text"><span id="How_to_find_the_XPath_by_Text">How to find the XPath by Text?</span></h3>



<p>The XPath can also be constructed to find text in the DOM element. In such cases, you need to use the text() functions in the XPath.<strong>Example:</strong>//ul/li[text()=&#8217;banana&#8217;].</p>





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Find Element by XPath: A Complete Guide

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