How to set up logging using Log4j in Selenium?

<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#When_do_we_want_to_run_tests_on_existing_browser_instances">1 When do we want to run tests on existing browser instances?</a><ul><li><a href="#Prerequisites">1.1 Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_launch_Chrome_with_remote_debugging_enabled">1.2 How to launch Chrome with remote debugging enabled?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Connect_to_an_Existing_Chrome_Browser_from_Selenium">1.3 How to Connect to an Existing Chrome Browser from Selenium?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="When-do-we-want-to-run-tests-on-existing-browser-instances?">When do we want to run tests on existing browser instances?</h2>



There are many scenarios where we want Selenium to connect to and use an existing browser that was previously opened manually or by some other program.



Some of the typical use cases are as below.



<ul><li>When the user does not want to log in every time, they add a test step while drafting the <a href="https://testsigma.com/docs/projects/settings/test-case-types/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test case </a>or when they want a plugin to be added in the automation-controlled browser, the Chrome browser launched using the Selenium web driver will not have their log-in information or plugins that they might have installed.</li><li>When the user has logged into an account that requires two-factor authentication.</li><li>When the user has done a sequence of manual operations that might be hard to automate have already been done.</li><li>When the application has a bug, and the user does a manual intervention to bypass a few steps.</li></ul>



Example



The sample sequence of test steps to add a beneficiary and make a transaction are



<ol><li>Go to the net banking website login page.</li><li>Enter username and password.</li><li>Go to the money transfer page.</li><li>Add the beneficiary details.</li><li>Verify the details of the bank account and person.</li><li>Select from the various methods of online money transfer including RTGS, IMPS, NEFT, UPI, and digital wallet.</li><li>Select the beneficiary name, and the amount, and then submit the details.</li><li>Verify the amount and other information on the verification page.</li><li>Click submit for the final action of the fund transfer.</li></ol>



If you want to add an assertion case where you want to verify the text message displayed after a transaction, you will be looking for an option to run ONLY the test where you assert the success/failure message displayed on the page without repeating the entire test steps from logging into the website.



The default behavior in Selenium is that a new driver instance will be initiated every time when you write a new test. In the above example, if you add the 10th test step to an existing test or write a new test in Selenium, you will be able to verify it only by running from step 1.



You can run only the assertion use case from the above example in a previously opened chrome browser where the transaction case is tested either manually or using selenium script when the browser is opened in debugging mode.



When the Chrome browser application is opened in a remote debugger port, we could easily connect a new Selenium Chrome Driver to that existing chrome instance.



<h3 id="Prerequisites">Prerequisites</h3>



<ol><li>Chrome Browser — Version 63 or higher</li><li>Add Chrome Browser installation directory to Path variable (if you are using windows) — preferable as it would allow opening chrome browser from any directory using terminal/command prompt.</li></ol>



<h3 id="How-to-launch-Chrome-with-remote-debugging-enabled?">How to launch Chrome with remote debugging enabled?</h3>



ChromeDriver will communicate with Chrome via the <a href="https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">remote DevTools Protocol</a>, which is not usually enabled when you open Chrome from the list of applications in the system.



So, you will need to enable the protocol by starting Chrome with the &#8211;remote-debugging-port command-line switch and choosing a port for it. Port <code>9222</code> is used by convention, but you can use any non-reserved port.



On Windows, you can run from the command prompt by appending a custom flag:



<styled-code>
start chrome.exe &#8211;remote-debugging-port=9222
</styled-code>



or



<styled-code>
<path to="" chrome="">/chrome.exe &#8211;remote-debugging-port=9222
</path></styled-code>



when the path is not set.



On macOS, you will need to find the path to the Chrome executable. Here&#8217;s an example to launch a Chrome executable that is in the default path:



<styled-code>
/Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome &#8211;remote-debugging-port=9222
</styled-code>



On Linux, launch the browser by running <code>google-chrome --remote-debugging-port=9222</code>



To launch Chrome with the remote DevTools protocol enabled without the need to use the command line:



<ul><li>On Windows,<ul> <li>Right-click the Chrome shortcut, and select <code>Properties</code></li><li>In the &#8220;target&#8221; field, append <code>--remote-debugging-port=9222</code> </li></ul></li><li>On macOS, either of the 3 ways mentioned below works<ul> <li>Create an <a href="https://support.apple.com/guide/automator/welcome/mac" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Automator</a> workflow that runs a bash script to open the browser with the command line switch enabled.</li><li>Use the <code>.dmg</code> file that you can obtain from <a href="https://github.com/natkuhn/Chrome-debug/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">this GitHub repository</a>.</li><li>You could create your executable with a tool like <a href="https://sveinbjorn.org/platypus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Platypus</a>.</li></ul></li></ul>



If you want to launch the browser using a custom chrome profile, you can do it by adding <code>--user-data-dir</code> flag when you launch the browser.



To enable Chrome to open a port for remote debugging in the new chrome profile, we need to launch it with a custom flag.



On Windows,



<styled-code>
start chrome.exe &#8211;remote-debugging-port=9222 &#8211;user-data-dir=&#8221;C:\selenum\ChromeProfile&#8221;
</styled-code>



On Mac,



<styled-code>
/Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome &#8211;remote-debugging-port=9222 &#8211;user-data-dir=&#8221;~/ChromeProfile&#8221;
</styled-code>



For <code>--user-data-dir</code> flag you can either pass the directory where a new folder will be created for storing details of the chrome profile or you can create a folder and pass it as a value for the flag. You can launch the browser in a new profile when you don’t want to pollute your default profile.



<h3 id="How-to-Connect-to-an-Existing-Chrome-Browser-from-Selenium?">How to Connect to an Existing Chrome Browser from Selenium?</h3>



Here is the sample snippet to initialize Chrome Driver in Selenium with Java/Python<code>1//Sample Java </code>



<styled-code>
//Sample Java Code
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setExperimentalOption(&#8220;debuggerAddress&#8221;,&#8221;localhost:<remote-port>&#8220;);
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
</remote-port></styled-code>



<styled-code>
#Sample Python Code
chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_experimental_option(&#8220;debuggerAddress&#8221;, &#8220;127.0.0.1:9222&#8221;)
#Change chrome driver path accordingly
chrome_driver = &#8220;C:\chromedriver.exe&#8221;
driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_driver, chrome_options=chrome_options)
print driver.title
</styled-code>



*Replace remote-port with the port where you have launched chrome with the remote DevTools protocol enabled



A working example in a sample application is below &#8212;



<styled-code>
package com.sample.web;

import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

import org.openqa.selenium.remote.*;
import org.testng.Assert;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class DebuggingMode {
 private WebDriver driver;

 @BeforeClass
 public void setUp() {
 System.setProperty(&#8220;webdriver.chrome.driver&#8221;, &#8220;resources/chromedriver&#8221;);
 ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
 options.setExperimentalOption(&#8220;debuggerAddress&#8221;, &#8220;127.0.0.1:9222&#8221;);

 driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
 driver.manage().window().maximize();
 driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(120, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

 Capabilities capability = ((RemoteWebDriver) driver).getCapabilities();
 Map<string, object=""> map = capability.asMap();
 for (Map.Entry<string, object=""> entry : map.entrySet()) {
 System.out.println(entry.getKey() + &#8220;:&#8221; + entry.getValue());
 }
 }

 @Test()
 public void testLoginWithWrongCredentials() {
 driver.get(&#8220;https://travel.testsigma.com/login&#8221;);
 driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;//input[@name=&#8217;name&#8217;]&#8221;)).sendKeys(&#8220;admin&#8221;);
 driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;//input[@name=&#8217;password&#8217;]&#8221;)).sendKeys(&#8220;abcde&#8221;);
 driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;//button[@type=&#8217;submit&#8217;]&#8221;)).click();
 Assert.assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;div[text()=&#8217;Wrong username/password&#8217;]&#8221;)).isDisplayed());

 }

 //Below test does not launch the new browser session, and you are not entering the username again
 @Test()
 public void testLoginWithCorrectPassword() {
 driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;//input[@name=&#8217;password&#8217;]&#8221;)).clear();
 driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;//input[@name=&#8217;password&#8217;]&#8221;)).sendKeys(&#8220;12345&#8221;);
 driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;//button[@type=&#8217;submit&#8217;]&#8221;)).click();
 List<webelement> message = driver.findElements(By.xpath(&#8220;div[text()=&#8217;Wrong username/password&#8217;]&#8221;));
 Assert.assertTrue(message.isEmpty());
 }
}
</webelement></string,></string,></styled-code>

Executing Tests on existing Chrome Browser Instance

Executing Tests on Existing Chrome Browser Instances

When you encounter 404/Page Not Found/Dead Hyperlinks on a website, what do you think of it? You would find it irritating to encounter broken links, so you should continuously concentrate on eliminating their presence in your web product (or website).



The rankings of your web product on search engines (like Google) will also suffer if it contains numerous pages (or links) that lead to a 404 error (or page not found). Dead links could damage the credibility of your product as the user needed to get the information for which they have visited the page.&nbsp;



In this blog, we will look into finding and locating broken links using Selenium WebDriver; 



Check out this detailed tutorial on how to use <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/selenium-based-automated-testing/#Selenium_WebDriver" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Selenium WebDriver</a> to know more about what and how to use Selenium WebDriver.



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_are_Broken_links">1 What are Broken links?</a></li><li><a href="#Common_Reasons_for_Broken_Links">2 Common Reasons for Broken Links.</a></li><li><a href="#Reasons_to_Check_for_Broken_Links">3 Reasons to Check for Broken Links</a></li><li><a href="#Different_HTTP_Status_Codes">4 Different HTTP Status Codes</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Find_Broken_Links_in_the_Selenium_WebDriver">5 How to Find Broken Links in the Selenium WebDriver?</a><ul><li><a href="#1_Retrieve_all_links_from_a_web_page">5.1 1. Retrieve all links from a web page: </a></li><li><a href="#2_Verify_each_link">5.2 2. Verify each link: </a></li><li><a href="#3_Check_the_status_code">5.3 3. Check the status code: </a></li><li><a href="#4_Repeat_for_each_link">5.4 4. Repeat for each link: </a></li><li><a href="#5_Report_the_Results">5.5 5. Report the Results: </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Conclusion">6 Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">7 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#How_do_you_handle_broken_links">7.1 How do you handle broken links?</a></li><li><a href="#What_causes_a_broken_link">7.2 What causes a broken link?</a></li><li><a href="#How_do_I_track_broken_links">7.3 How do I track broken links?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-are-broken-links">What are Broken links?</h2>



A broken link on a website leads to a page or resource that is no longer available. This can happen for various reasons, such as the page being deleted, moved to a different URL, or the website being temporarily down. Broken links can occur on any website and can be found on pages, images, videos, and other resources.



Broken links can be a problem for website visitors and search engines, leading to a poor user experience and negatively impacting search engine optimization (SEO). When a user clicks on a broken link, they will typically be taken to a &#8220;404 not found&#8221; page, which can be frustrating and cause them to leave the website. Additionally, search engines may view broken links as a sign of a poorly maintained website, which can lead to a lower search engine ranking.



To avoid these issues, it&#8217;s essential to regularly check your website for broken links and fix them as soon as they are discovered. This can be done manually by visiting each page of your website and clicking on each link to see if it leads to a &#8220;404 not found&#8221; page or by using automated tools such as <a href="https://www.selenium.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Selenium</a> or other link checker software.



<h2 id="common-reasons-for-broken-links">Common Reasons for Broken Links.</h2>



There are several reasons why broken links may appear on a website, including.&nbsp;



<ul><li>Page Deletion: A previously linked page may have been deleted, causing the link to lead to a &#8220;404 not found&#8221; page.</li><li>URL Changes: If a page&#8217;s URL is changed, any links pointing to the old URL will become broken.</li><li>Website Redesign: During a <a href="https://www.webcitz.com/website-design/redesign.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">website redesign</a>, URLs may change, causing previously valid links to become broken.</li><li>Moving to a New Domain: If a website is moved to a new domain, all links pointing to the old domain will become broken.</li><li>Typos: Mistyping a URL or copying and pasting it wrongly can result in a broken link.</li><li>Third-Party Content: If a website links to content hosted on another website, and that content is removed or moved, the link will become broken.</li><li>Server Outages: If a website is temporarily down, links to that site will become broken.</li></ul>



By regularly checking for and fixing broken links, website owners can ensure that their website provides a good user experience and positively impacts their SEO.



<h2 id="reasons-to-check-for-broken-links">Reasons to Check for Broken Links</h2>



There are several reasons why it&#8217;s important to check for and fix broken links on a website:



<ul><li>User Experience: Broken links can frustrate website visitors and lead to a poor user experience. If a user clicks on a broken link, they will be taken to a &#8220;404 not found&#8221; page, which can be confusing and cause them to leave the website.</li><li>Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Search engines view broken links as a sign of a poorly maintained website, which can negatively impact the website&#8217;s search engine ranking.</li><li>Maintenance: Broken links can signal that a website needs to be regularly maintained and updated, leading to other issues, such as outdated content and security vulnerabilities.</li><li>Data Accuracy: Broken links can lead to incorrect or outdated information being displayed on a website, which can harm the website&#8217;s reputation.</li><li>Link Equity: When a website links to another page, it passes on some of its link equity, a measure of the value that search engines place on a link. If the linked page is no longer available, the link equity is lost, which can negatively impact the linking website&#8217;s search engine ranking. Make sure to improve your metrics with the correct use of the <a href="https://buzznberry.com/link-building-services/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">white hat link building</a> so your website can have better rankings.</li><li>By regularly checking for and fixing broken links, website owners can ensure that their website provides a good user experience, positively impacts their SEO, and is regularly maintained and updated.</li></ul>



<h2 id="different-http-status-codes">Different HTTP Status Codes</h2>



HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) status codes are numerical codes that are returned by a web server to indicate the status of a request made by a client (e.g., a web browser). The most encountered HTTP status codes are



<ul><li>200 OK: The request was successful, and the server has returned the requested content.</li><li>201 Created: The request was successful, and the server has created a new resource.</li><li>204 No Content: The request was successful, but there needs to be a representation to return (i.e., the response is empty).</li><li>300 Multiple Choices: The request has multiple options, and the server directs the client to choose one.</li><li>301 Moved Permanently: The requested resource has been moved to a new URL, and future requests should use the new URL.</li><li>302 Found (Previously &#8220;Moved temporarily&#8221;): The requested resource has been temporarily moved to a new URL.</li><li>304 Not Modified: The client&#8217;s cached copy of the resource is up to date, and the server indicates that the client should use its cached copy.</li><li>400 Bad Request: The request must be understood or include the required parameters.</li><li>401 Unauthorized: Authentication failed, or the user does not have permission for the requested operation.</li><li><a href="https://www.cloudways.com/blog/wordpress-403-forbidden-error/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">403 Forbidden</a>: Authentication succeeded, but the authenticated user cannot access the requested resource.</li><li>404 Not Found: The requested resource could not be found on the server.</li><li>500 Internal Server Error: An error occurred on the server while processing the request.</li></ul>



<h2 id="how-to-find-broken-links-in-the-selenium-webdriver">How to Find Broken Links in the Selenium WebDriver?</h2>



To find broken links in Selenium WebDriver, you can use the following steps:



<h3 id="1-retrieve-all-links-from-a-web-page">1. Retrieve all links from a web page: </h3>



You can use Selenium WebDriver&#8217;s &#8220;findElements&#8221; method to find all the links (i.e., &#8220;a&#8221; elements) on a web page. You can store the links in a list for later processing.



<h3 id="2-verify-each-link">2. Verify each link: </h3>



For each link, you can use the &#8220;getAttribute&#8221; method to retrieve the &#8220;href&#8221; attribute of the link, which represents the URL that the link points to. You can then use the &#8220;HttpURLConnection&#8221; class in Java to check the status code of the URL.



<h3 id="3-check-the-status-code">3. Check the status code: </h3>



You can use the &#8220;getResponseCode&#8221; method of the &#8220;HttpURLConnection&#8221; class to retrieve the HTTP status code of the URL. The link is broken if the status code is not in the 200 or 300 range. You can store the broken links in a separate list for later reporting.



<h3 id="4-repeat-for-each-link">4. Repeat for each link: </h3>



Repeat the above steps on the page until all links have been checked.



<h3 id="5-report-the-results">5. Report the Results: </h3>



After all, links have been checked, you can use Selenium WebDriver&#8217;s &#8220;assert&#8221; method to check that the list of broken links is empty. If the list is not empty, you can report the broken links to the console or write them to a file for later analysis.



Let&#8217;s understand the code.&nbsp;



Code Snippet:




package demo;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class Demo {

	

	public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub

	 System.setProperty(&#8220;webdriver.chrome.driver&#8221;,&#8221;.\\chromedriver.exe&#8221;);
	 	 
	 //Initialising the driver
	 WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

		String homePage = &#8220;https://google.com/&#8221;;
		String url = &#8220;&#8221;;
		HttpURLConnection con = null;
		int responseCode = 200;

		driver = new ChromeDriver();

		driver.manage().window().maximize();

		driver.get(homePage);

		List links = driver.findElements(By.tagName(&#8220;a&#8221;));

		Iterator it = links.iterator();

		while (it.hasNext()) {

			url = it.next().getAttribute(&#8220;href&#8221;);


			try {
				con = (HttpURLConnection) (new URL(url).openConnection());

				con.setRequestMethod(&#8220;HEAD&#8221;);

				con.connect();

				responseCode = con.getResponseCode();

				if (responseCode &gt;= 400) {
					System.out.println(url + &#8221; is a broken link&#8221;);
				} else {
					System.out.println(url + &#8221; is a valid link&#8221;);
				}

			} catch (MalformedURLException e) {

				e.printStackTrace();
			} catch (IOException e) {

				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}

		driver.quit();

	}
}




Output:



The output indicates all valid links except one broken link.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/2i3tK4HGsyPniQ0F5u4Q7SCx0No9kH-G6qH2fOnJEdwznyWojGHHLXauAs782RMXo4Hkd3EjILGy7LBVeKJBbEVHrGW4M3G0kviDv7PPbD9XF4XWZ4KfhmK8PnxS46Is_G_FIdrL1XewzlsZcKepiw" alt="Output - Find Broken Links in the Selenium WebDriver" width="600" height="300" /></figure></div>



<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



Broken links are a common issue in web development and can negatively impact the user experience. Regular checking for broken links is essential for maintaining a functional and professional-looking website. Using tools such as Selenium WebDriver, developers can automate the process of checking for broken links, saving time and effort while ensuring a higher level of website quality. Fixing broken links provides users with a seamless and error-free browsing experience. In addition, checking for broken links can help identify other issues, such as outdated or misconfigured URLs, which can be corrected to improve the website&#8217;s overall functionality.



<h2 id="frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="how-do-you-handle-broken-links">How do you handle broken links?</h3>



Handling broken links means finding and fixing the underlying causes of the broken links. Here are some steps you can follow to manage broken links:



<ul><li>Identify the broken links: Use tools like Selenium WebDriver or online broken link checkers to identify all broken links on your website.</li><li>Analyze the cause: Determine why the link is broken. Is it due to a misconfigured URL, a page that has been moved or deleted, or a server-side error?</li><li>Fix or replace the link: If the cause of the broken link is a misconfigured URL or a page that has been moved, update the link to the correct URL. If the reason is a server-side error, contact the website owner or webmaster to resolve the issue.</li><li>Monitor the links: Regularly check for broken links to ensure they do not reappear. You can automate this process using tools like Selenium WebDriver to save time and effort.</li><li>Implement a redirect: If a page has been permanently removed, consider implementing a redirect to a related page to maintain a positive user experience.</li></ul>



<h3 id="what-causes-a-broken-link">What causes a broken link?</h3>



A variety of reasons can cause broken links. A few are listed below:



<ul><li>Moved or deleted pages: If a page has been moved or deleted, the link pointing to it will become broken.</li><li>Misconfigured URLs: Typing errors, incorrect link syntax, or incorrect casing can cause links to be misconfigured and lead to broken links.</li><li>Server-side errors: Broken links can also be caused by server-side errors, such as a misconfigured server, a server that is down, or a server that is experiencing high traffic.</li><li>Outdated links: Over time, some links may become outdated as the information they point to changes or becomes unavailable.</li><li>Third-party services: If a third-party service that your website depends on is down or unavailable, links that point to it may become broken.</li><li>Change in website structure: If the website&#8217;s structure changes, links that point to pages within the website may become broken.</li></ul>



<h3 id="how-do-i-track-broken-links">How do I track broken links?</h3>



There are several ways to track broken links on your website, including



<ul><li>Manual checking: Check each link on your website to see if it works correctly. This method can be time-consuming but is useful for small websites.</li><li>Online broken link checkers: Use online tools, such as W3C Link Checker, Dead Link Checker, or Broken Link Checker, to scan your website for broken links. These tools will identify broken links and report the issue for you.</li><li>Automated testing with Selenium WebDriver: Use Selenium WebDriver to automate checking for broken links. You can write a script that visits each page on your website, follows all the links, and checks the response code of each link to determine if it is broken.</li><li>Monitoring tools: Use monitoring tools, such as Google Analytics or Google Search Console, to monitor your website&#8217;s performance and receive notifications when broken links are detected</li></ul>

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Selenium is one of the leading automation platforms in web application testing. Using Selenium, you can automate your testing process efficiently and deliver a bug-free product quickly. This article will guide you in building and executing Selenium projects in Java. According to <a href="https://www.selenium.dev/blog/2021/selenium-survey-results/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reports</a>, 67% of Selenium users prefer Java for writing test scripts. Before you learn to build Selenium projects, let&#8217;s get to know the basics of Selenium and why it is popular among developers.



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Insights_Into_The_Open_Source_Selenium_Project">1 Insights Into The Open Source Selenium Project</a></li><li><a href="#Why_Are_Selenium_Project_Ideas_Popular">2 Why Are Selenium Project Ideas Popular?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Build_a_Selenium_Project">3 How to Build a Selenium Project</a></li><li><a href="#H">4 H</a></li><li><a href="#How_To_Create_A_Selenium_Project_With_Eclipse_IDE">5 How To Create A Selenium Project With Eclipse IDE?</a></li><li><a href="#Sample_Selenium_Project_using_Java">6 Sample Selenium Project using Java</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion">7 Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">8 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#How_to_Write_Test_Scripts_in_Selenium">8.1 How to Write Test Scripts in Selenium?</a></li><li><a href="#Which_Language_is_Best_for_Selenium">8.2 Which Language is Best for Selenium?</a></li><li><a href="#Is_Selenium_Testing_Easy">8.3 Is Selenium Testing Easy?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="insights-into-the-open-source-selenium-project">Insights Into The Open Source Selenium Project</h2>



Selenium is one of the top open-source test automation frameworks that has been in the automation space for a very long time. It can be used to automate web testing across different browsers and platforms.



The latest version is Selenium 4 (4.20.1 as of April 26, 2024). The market share of Selenium is 28.19% in the software testing space.



Selenium is still widely used by many companies (approximately 68,253 companies)



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/WWhcR4l9D5CSh8CHgEyKW52ADNEaCVNvog3M_Nn4ZFsN5hJBzBBfg6AzxAWKVDTds778U3hb_0zMD_SbX64bu2n7pycwLm_OGjAbYOI6Gl0e88OixU3GRPLeW_3ah4F3vXhhVgnvLLXhT7c004WX-xQ" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" /></figure>



<a href="https://enlyft.com/tech/products/selenium" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">Credits</a>



<h2 id="why-are-selenium-project-ideas-popular">Why Are Selenium Project Ideas Popular?</h2>



Selenium has been one of the most widely used open-source testing frameworks by web developers and testers since its launch in 2004. It supports diverse programming languages like Java, C#, Python, Perl, PHP, Ruby, and JavaScript, giving testers more flexibility in creating test scripts, which is the key reason for the success of Selenium projects.&nbsp;



Selenium is also compatible with various top browsers and platforms. This compatibility allows students to build full-stack and MERN stack projects, which is also a main reason behind Selenium&#8217;s success. It is used by top global companies like Facebook, Amazon, etc.



<h2 id="h-how-to-build-a-selenium-project">How to Build a Selenium Project</h2>



You can build Selenium projects in multiple ways. For example, you can build and configure Selenium Projects using Java, Maven, and more. Here, we will see how to build a Selenium project using Java. You need to download the following software to build and configure Selenium projects:



<ul><li>Java: Install Java or JDK as we use Java to build a Selenium project.</li><li>Eclipse: You have to <a href="https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">install Eclipse IDE</a> (Integrated Development Environment). It helps write, run and maintain tests or projects.</li></ul>



Note &#8211; You can also use some other IDE like IntelliJ IDEA or NetBeans.



<h2 id="h-h">H</h2>



<h2 id="how-to-create-a-selenium-project-with-eclipse-ide">How To Create A Selenium Project With Eclipse IDE?</h2>



You can avoid all this complexity and simplify the test automation process using low-code testing tools like Testsigma. Unlike Selenium, which requires you to create test scripts using programming languages, Testsigma simplifies automated testing using NLPs, Recorder, or Data-driven testing.&nbsp;



You can create tests similar to Natural Language, making it a very user-friendly and powerful tool for testers, developers, and stakeholders. Take a quick look at the detailed comparison between <a href="https://testsigma.com/comparison-automated-testing-tools-selenium-testsigma">Selenium vs Testsigma</a>.



The most simple way to build a Selenium project is by using Java. To do this, first, you must manually download all the required Selenium jars and the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-automation-frameworks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">testing frameworks</a>. 



Note &#8211; We are using Eclipse to execute Selenium test scripts in this example.



Steps to Build and Configure a Selenium Project



Step 1 &#8211; Click on the File menu from the navigation. Select New, then click on Java Project. (File -&gt; New -&gt; Java Project)



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/Screenshot2023-01-22021634_61697469ecd98961a9f64298341fbd73_2000.png" alt="Selenium projects" width="600" height="400" /></figure></div>



If you&#8217;re using an old version of Eclipse, and if you don&#8217;t find Java Project under New, follow these steps,



<ul><li>Select New and click on Project.</li><li>Now, select Java Project and click Next.</li></ul>



Step 2 &#8211; Enter the Project Name building-selenium-project-Testsigma and click Finish.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/Screenshot2023-01-22022645_58840e512d47246bdc14d2e2ac326a6d_2000.png" alt="Create a Java project" width="600" height="400" /></figure></div>



The Java project building-selenium-project-Testsigma is successfully created in the package explorer of Eclipse.



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Step 3 &#8211; Now, you need to manually install the necessary Selenium jars and a unit testing framework like TestNG jars. To download these, go to the <a href="https://www.selenium.dev/downloads/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Selenium downloads page</a> and check on the latest versions.



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Step 4 &#8211; Let&#8217;s install the TestNG jars now.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/Screenshot2023-01-22023134_4cb18157c08940ac6f8149135aeca498_2000.png" alt="TestNG" width="600" height="400" /></figure></div>



Step 5 &#8211; After you download Selenium server standalone jar, you should add it to the Selenium project. To do so, right-click on the Java Project created, then hover your mouse on Build Path and click on Configure Build Path.



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Step 6 &#8211; Now, select Add External JARS&#8230; option to add the downloaded jar file to the Selenium projects.



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Step 7 &#8211; Select the jar selenium-server-standalone and TestNG and click Open.



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Note &#8211; This Jar file will help start the Selenium Server.



Step 8 &#8211; Verify if the jar files are added to the Build Path and click on Apply and Close.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/Screenshot2023-01-22024013_07982699209540db48ab65c9939c9f5a_2000.png" alt="Verify the build path" width="600" height="400" /></figure></div>



Note &#8211; Check if the downloaded jar files are under Referenced Libraries 



Step 9&nbsp;– Now, right-click on the src and create a package&nbsp;building-selenium.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/Screenshot2023-01-22024218_142b94ca06f605fa2f8db014eb5b3936_2000.png" alt="Create a Java Package" width="600" height="400" /></figure></div>



As you can see, the building-selenium is created.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/Screenshot2023-01-22030709_86879842d5b86c43fd85c8850ed65615_2000.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" width="300" height="300" /></figure></div>



Step 10 &#8211; Next, right-click on the package created. Select New, then Class, to create a Java Class. Now, enter the Java Class name and click Finish.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/Screenshot2023-01-22025809_da59738cc1fbde92f6ff23b551bab208_2000.png" alt="Create a Java Class" width="600" height="400" /></figure></div>



This will create a BuildingSeleniumProject.java file, where you can type your test script.Now that we have configured Selenium, let&#8217;s write a sample test case in Java.



<h2 id="h-sample-selenium-project-using-java">Sample Selenium Project using Java</h2>



The following is a sample Selenium project created using Java in Eclipse,




package building_selenium;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class BuildingSeleniumProject {
	
	 public static void main(String[] args) {
	
	 // declaration and instantiation of objects/variables
	 System.setProperty(&#8220;webdriver.chrome.driver&#8221;, &#8220;C:\\Users\\Yamini\\Downloads\\chromedriver.exe&#8221;);
	 WebDriver driver=new ChromeDriver();
	
	 // Launch website
	 driver.navigate().to(&#8220;http://www.google.com/&#8221;);
	
	 // Click on the search text box and send value
	 driver.findElement(By.name(&#8220;q&#8221;)).sendKeys(&#8220;Testsigma tool&#8221;);
	
	 // Click on the search button
	 driver.findElement(By.name(&#8220;btnK&#8221;)).submit();
	}
}




Code Explanation



This program, on successful execution, will open Google search, type the search text used in the search bar, and display the result page.



Output



When executed, the above code will open Google on the Chrome browser, automatically type the text &#8220;Testsigma tool&#8221; in the search bar and then display the top search results catering to the search.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/Screenshot2023-01-22194958_e8cb3aaf6fcd14ffe50c7d3023ae4e14_2000.png" alt="Selenium Test Output" width="600" height="400" /></figure></div>



The above step-by-step process will help you to build and configure Selenium projects in Eclipse using Java. However, this will require testers to have coding knowledge as they will have to write test scripts using any programming language supported by Selenium. 



Selenium supports automation testing only for web applications. But if you&#8217;re looking to perform web, mobile app or API testing without needing to program test cases, try out <a href="https://testsigma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma</a>. 



Testsigma is a cloud-automation testing platform that lets you write tests using simple English. It is a low-code automation platform that does not require much coding knowledge. So, it can be used by anyone on your team. It is a cloud-based tool, so you don&#8217;t have to install anything to use the software.



<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



Building and executing a Selenium project may be a bit complicated, but I hope the above step-by-step instructions will help you build your Selenium projects in no time. 



<a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/automated-test-scripts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Automating test scripts</a> using Selenium for your web application makes testing easy. This helps the developers to identify bugs and solve them quickly. However, if you are looking to test web apps, mobile apps or API without writing a single line of code, you should prefer our <a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud automation platform &#8211; Testsigma</a>.



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="h-how-to-write-test-scripts-in-selenium">How to Write Test Scripts in Selenium?</h3>



Before you start writing test scripts in Selenium, you need to download the necessary components such as Java, IDE, Drivers, Selenium Jars, and, TestNG required to build the test environment. Once you download and complete the setup process, you can then easily write test scripts in Selenium.



<h3 id="h-which-language-is-best-for-selenium">Which Language is Best for Selenium?</h3>



Java is one of the top programming languages used by testers worldwide. But you can also use other languages like C#, Ruby, JavaScript, and Python. Also, there are a few factors you need to consider when you try to learn a language, like the project requirements and the client&#8217;s preference.



<h3 id="h-is-selenium-testing-easy">Is Selenium Testing Easy?</h3>



Automating testing using Selenium is quite easy, but you need to have prior knowledge of programming languages like Java, Ruby, and Python to write, run, and execute test scripts.

An Easy Way to Build and Execute Selenium Projects

It&#8217;s already 2023, and as we all know, software testing has advanced significantly. But it doesn&#8217;t imply we should ignore the fundamentals or the basics. The &#8220;7 Principles of Software Testing&#8221; are such basics that we should always adhere to. You may have studied these concepts as part of your ISTQB certification training when you started your testing career.



Did you just forget about them after reading the book, as you did with previous theoretical papers? Or do you continue to adhere to or follow these principles in your day-to-day testing activities? We should follow particular processes for testing activities, which may appear more difficult at first, but will save us a lot of time in the long run.



As a quality assurance measure, testing is essential to the software development process. By testing the software, developers can ensure that the product meets the requirements and is free of defects.



There are various types of testing that can be employed, depending on the stage of development. For example, unit testing is conducted on individual components or modules, while integration testing focuses on the interactions between different modules/components. System testing is a comprehensive testing approach that covers the entire system, from end to end.&nbsp;



So, let us go through the principles of Software testing that every software tester should be aware of in-depth, these will be helpful in all stages of testing.



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Why_are_Software_Testing_Principles_Important">1 Why are Software Testing Principles Important?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_7_Principles_of_Software_Testing">2 What are the 7 Principles of Software Testing?</a><ul><li><a href="#1_Testing_shows_the_presence_of_defects_not_their_absence">2.1 1. Testing shows the presence of defects (not their absence)</a></li><li><a href="#2_Exhaustive_testing_is_impossible">2.2 2. Exhaustive testing is impossible</a></li><li><a href="#3_Early_testing">2.3 3. Early testing</a></li><li><a href="#4_Defect_Clustering">2.4 4. Defect Clustering</a></li><li><a href="#5_Pesticide_Paradox">2.5 5. Pesticide Paradox</a></li><li><a href="#6_Testing_is_context-dependent">2.6 6. Testing is context-dependent</a></li><li><a href="#7_Absence-of-errors_fallacy">2.7 7. Absence-of-errors fallacy</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Myth_8220Testing_Principles_Arenbspjust_for_Reference_Not_to_be_Used_in_Practice8221nbsp">3 Myth: &#8220;Testing Principles Are&nbsp;just for Reference, Not to be Used in Practice&#8221;&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Closing_words">4 Closing words:</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">5 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_are_the_First_Principles_of_Testing">5.1 What are the First Principles of Testing?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="why-are-software-testing-principles-important">Why are Software Testing Principles Important?</h2>



Software testing principles are important for ensuring the quality and reliability of software applications. Here&#8217;s why they matter:



<ol><li>Early Bug Detection: Testing principles detect defects early, preventing them from escalating into larger problems in production.</li><li>Better Software Quality: Adhering to testing standards leads to higher-quality software that fulfills user expectations.</li><li>Risk Mitigation: The testing principles detect and reduce possible risks, improving software security and performance.</li><li>Enhanced client Confidence: Thorough testing increases client trust and pleasure with the software.</li><li>Cost Savings: Testing principles save time and resources by preventing costly rework and problem fixes.</li><li>Compliance and Standards: Testing principles aid in meeting industry and regulatory standards.</li><li>Iterative Development: Adhering to testing principles develops a learning and iterative development culture.</li></ol>



These ideas emphasize the significance of testing principles in producing dependable and high-quality software.



Read here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/principles-of-software-test-automation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Principles of Automation</a>



<h2 id="what-are-the-7-principles-of-software-testing">What are the 7 Principles of Software Testing?</h2>



Below are the 7 fundamental principles :



<ol><li>Testing shows the presence of defects</li><li>Exhaustive testing is impossible</li><li>Early testing</li><li>Defect clustering</li><li>Pesticide paradox</li><li>Testing is context dependent</li><li>Absence-of-errors fallacy</li></ol>



<h3 id="1-testing-shows-the-presence-of-defects-not-their-absence">1. Testing shows the presence of defects (not their absence)</h3>



Who doesn&#8217;t love identifying defects? We&#8217;d all like to. Every product or web application I use will have defects 😀. Primarily, we conduct testing to identify flaws and deviations. We concentrate on the faults and vulnerable modules.



Also, we perform different types of testing to uncover the defects. Once the software has been developed and tested, it is ready for release. However, in some cases, defects may still be present. In these cases, it is important to have a process in place for tracking and resolving defects.



Because there are still a few defects in the system that you were unable to discover for a variety of reasons. That doesn&#8217;t imply we&#8217;re not competent. This issue can be mitigated by updating or revising the scenarios and test data. As a result, we can endeavor to develop day by day.



<h3 id="2-exhaustive-testing-is-impossible">2. Exhaustive testing is impossible</h3>



Exhaustive testing is impossible. You cannot utilize every permutation and combination feasible. That&#8217;s why we have to rely on the heuristics and best practices to guide our testing efforts. We use our business and domain knowledge to <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-efficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test efficiently</a>.&nbsp;



There are several reasons why exhaustive testing isn&#8217;t really possible. The first point is that testing anything and everything is impossible. Second, testing everything in a reasonable timeframe is impossible. Third, it is difficult to foresee every single problem. Fourth, it is hard to predict how the test will be performed. Finally, exhaustive testing is impossible to validate.



There is no such thing as a perfect test in software testing. There will always be some edge cases that we get to neglect or sections of the code that are more complex than others. That is why it is critical to employ a range of testing approaches and to always seek new ways to improve our testing process.



No matter how much time and effort we put into it, some bugs will always creep through the gaps. We can only do our best to reduce the number of potential issues and ensure that we have a comprehensive testing methodology to capture as many of them as possible.



<h3 id="3-early-testing">3. Early testing</h3>



Testing is a critical component of software development. Early testing, on the other hand, is critical since it helps developers to detect and correct problems before they become mainstream. Also, this saves a lot of money and effort.&nbsp;



Conducting user testing is one of the greatest methods to uncover problems early on. When a user tests software, they undertake tasks that are essential to them. This enables developers to learn how users interact with the product and assess if the features and design are functioning properly.



User testing may also assist developers to assess whether a proposed feature is feasible. They can evaluate if consumers will find the new feature beneficial and whether it will create any problems by testing it with a group of users.



Early testing is critical for a number of reasons. For instance, it can detect possible problems early on, before they trigger significant problems. Early testing can also assist to enhance the overall quality of the completed product. Finally, early testing can assist to enhance development efficiency by letting developers focus on correcting issues that are discovered early on.



<h3 id="4-defect-clustering">4. Defect Clustering</h3>



Defect clustering refers to the tendency for faults to concentrate in particular areas of code. This might be due to a variety of variables, such as how the code is designed, how the team is organized, or just how the human brain works.



For whatever reason, defect clustering can have a significant impact on your development process. If the majority of your defects are concentrated in one region of code, you&#8217;ll spend most of your time and effort repairing them there.



It is a problem-solving technique that helps identify and resolve defects in products. It is based on the observation that defects are often grouped together in clusters.



As anyone in software development knows, defects are inevitable. But what many people don&#8217;t realize is that defects tend to cluster together. Here&#8217;s what you need to know about defect clustering and how to deal with it effectively.



Have you heard about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pareto Principle</a>?&nbsp;



The Pareto principle states that for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the &#8220;vital few&#8221;). Other names for this principle are the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity.



Knowing this might be very useful for your testing; if we identify one problem in a certain module/area, there is a good probability we will find many more. Identifying the most complicated components, or regions with the greatest dependencies or change, for example, might help you focus your testing on the most critical risk areas. This should always be the primary consideration when planning future test activities.



<h3 id="5-pesticide-paradox">5. Pesticide Paradox</h3>



The pesticide paradox describes how, while pesticides are intended to kill pests, they frequently have the opposite effect. That is, they have the potential to boost insect populations. This paradox arises because pesticide usage might result in the evolution of insect resistance. When this occurs, insecticides no longer efficiently kill the bugs, allowing the pests to thrive.



Similarly, the same testing technique and test scenarios may not help in the discovery of new defects. As software testers, we must always strive to improve test quality in order to offer a high-quality product. We must also regularly evaluate and examine the Test process, Test cases, Approach, and Test data in order to overcome the Pesticide Paradox. Retrospective meetings can be of greater assistance here.



<h3 id="6-testing-is-context-dependent">6. Testing is context-dependent</h3>



There is no questioning the significance of testing. But understanding when and how to test is much more crucial. There is no right or wrong answer since testing is context-dependent. The idea is to use your best judgment to determine what is appropriate for your individual scenario.



Here are a few things to consider during testing:



1. Do not conduct tests in a vacuum



Make certain that you understand the context in which your code will be utilized. This will assist you in determining what needs to be tested and how to test it.



2. Keep things simple



Try not to test everything all at once. Begin with the fundamentals and progressively add more exams as needed.



3. Be meticulous



Once you&#8217;ve determined what needs to be tested, make sure you test every part of it. Testing for both good and negative results is included.



<h3 id="7-absence-of-errors-fallacy">7. Absence-of-errors fallacy</h3>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Software-testing-process-07.jpg" alt="Zero defects identified ≠ Bug-Free Product
" class="wp-image-25259" width="600" height="400" /><figcaption>Zero defects identified ≠ Bug-Free Product </figcaption></figure></div>



Testing is performed to guarantee that the software/system is fit for purpose and satisfies the users&#8217; expectations. As a result, finding no defects does not indicate that the product meets the quality and expectations of the customers.



Assuming that something will never happen because it has never happened before. The absence-of-errors fallacy can give the illusion of security. Just because something has never happened before does not exclude it. It is a logical fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that something must be true since it has not been proven to be false. This is sometimes seen in arguments when one person argues, as if it were evidence, &#8220;There is no proof that X is true.&#8221;



<h2 id="myth-testing-principles-are-just-for-reference-not-to-be-used-in-practice">Myth: &#8220;Testing Principles Are&nbsp;just for Reference, Not to be Used in Practice&#8221;&nbsp;</h2>



This myth couldn&#8217;t be further from the truth. Testing principles are crucial in creating an effective Test Strategy and crafting robust test cases that catch errors. It&#8217;s like learning to drive for the first time.



When you start learning to drive, you pay attention to every detail: gear shifts, speed control, clutch handling, and more. But as you gain experience, driving becomes second nature. You effortlessly engage in conversations with passengers while seamlessly navigating the road.



Similarly, experienced testers have internalized testing principles to the point of applying them instinctively. They become integral to their testing approach, guiding their decisions without conscious effort. Therefore, the myth that testing principles are not used in practice is unfounded.



Understanding and embracing testing principles empowers testers to deliver high-quality software by leveraging industry best practices. So, let go of this myth and embrace the power of testing principles in your endeavors.



<h2 id="h-closing-words">Closing words:</h2>



Whatever testing you do, these principles will always be a guiding light to you. <a href="https://attentioninsight.com/best-web-analytics-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testing is an important</a> part of the software development process and is essential for ensuring the quality of the final product. Software testing is a discipline, and each tester must be disciplined in order to create a seamless and high-quality product. As a result, the methods and principles differ, and we, as testers must be able to adhere to and follow them.



While testing, as in other professions, sometimes there are tasks that become repetitive. One of the solutions to improve productivity, in such cases, is to implement test automation. Testsigma is a test automation tool that lets you automate your <a href="https://testsigma.com/end-to-end-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">end-to-end test</a> cases for web, mobile, API and desktop applications. It is also available as an open-source and free version.



<button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Get your test automation journey started with Testsigma.</a></button>



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<a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/api-testing-basics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">API testing basics for beginners</a>



<h2 id="frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="what-are-the-first-principles-of-testing">What are the First Principles of Testing?</h3>



There is no set sequence of principles for testing, but essential rules should be followed. These guidelines should be tailored to your endeavors&#8217; unique demands and restrictions. They form the foundation for successful and efficient testing practices, improving software quality and dependability. Adopt and adapt these ideas to your situation to ensure good testing outcomes.

How to ace your Software testing process using the 7 Testing Principles

7 Principles of Software Testing to Ace your Testing Process

Getting Started With Rest API Testing | Complete Overview