
<p>Appium is a well-known mobile automation tool for automating native, hybrid, mobile web, and desktop apps. The appium community has come up with a major release in recent years, appium 2.0.0, and has made some considerable changes in making appium a platform where drivers and plugins can coexist independently.</p>



<p><em>In this blog, we will see how we can create an executable file for the appium server.&nbsp;</em></p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_are_executable_files"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What are executable files?</a><ul><li><a href="#Why_do_we_need_executable_files_for_the_appium_server"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.1</span> Why do we need executable files for the appium server?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Installing_Appium_2nbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Installing Appium 2:&nbsp;</a><ul><li><ul><li><a href="#Operating_System"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">2.0.1</span> Operating System:</a></li><li><a href="#Pre-requisite"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">2.0.2</span> Pre-requisite:</a></li><li><a href="#Installation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">2.0.3</span> Installation:</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Starting_Appium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Starting Appium:</a><ul><li><a href="#Installing_Drivers"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.1</span> Installing Drivers:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Starting_Appium_via_exec_file"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Starting Appium via exec file:</a><ul><li><a href="#Pre-requisite-2"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> Pre-requisite:</a><ul><li><a href="#Pkg"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">4.1.1</span> Pkg:</a></li><li><a href="#Installing_Pkg"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">4.1.2</span> Installing Pkg:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Steps_to_create_an_executable_file"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> Steps to create an executable file:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Conclusion:</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-are-executable-files"><span id="What_are_executable_files">What are executable files?</span></h2>



<ul><li>Executable files contain a set of encoded instructions, which execute sequentially once the user clicks on them.</li><li>Executable files are available in all operating systems but with extensions pertaining to that OS. While .exe is the Windows extension for executable files, the macOs executable file does not have any extension.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-why-do-we-need-executable-files-for-the-appium-server"><span id="Why_do_we_need_executable_files_for_the_appium_server">Why do we need executable files for the appium server?</span></h3>



<p>The <a href="https://github.com/appium/appium-desktop" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">appium desktop</a>, which is basically a GUI for the appium server was used to start/stop the server in appium 1.x. Moreover, the node runtime comes bundled with Appium Desktop which allowed users to use appium without having to install npm or node. But it is no longer compatible with appium 2.0+. And to overcome this, creating an executable file for the appium server is one of the easiest solutions. Apart from this, below are the benefits of having an executable file for the appium server:</p>



<p><strong><em>Easy distribution:</em></strong></p>



<ul><li>Users do not have to worry about having node or npm as a pre-requisite to install appium.&nbsp;</li><li>Once the executable file is built, the same can be used to start the appium on any machine and on any operating system.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<p><strong><em>Easy to start the server:&nbsp;</em></strong></p>



<ul><li>Appium server can be started with just a click on the executable file.&nbsp;</li><li>No need to run commands from the terminal to start the appium server.</li></ul>



<p><strong><em>Easy to deploy:</em></strong></p>



<ul><li>Allows easy deployment on target machines i.e., if you want to install appium on any cloud server, you can simply deploy the exec file.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-installing-appium-2"><span id="Installing_Appium_2nbsp">Installing Appium 2:&nbsp;</span></h2>



<h4 id="h-operating-system"><span id="Operating_System">Operating System:</span></h4>



<ul><li>Mac os</li></ul>



<h4 id="h-pre-requisite"><span id="Pre-requisite">Pre-requisite:</span></h4>



<ul><li>We are going to use the node package manager to install appium, so make sure you have the node set up on your machine. If you do not have the node, please download it from the below link:<ul><li><a href="https://nodejs.org/en/download" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">https://nodejs.org/en/download</a></li></ul></li><li>I am using node version 16.20.0.</li></ul>



<h4 id="h-installation"><span id="Installation">Installation:</span></h4>



<ul><li>To install appium 2, please use the below command:<ul><li>npm i -g appium@next</li></ul></li></ul>



<h2 id="h-starting-appium"><span id="Starting_Appium">Starting Appium:</span></h2>



<ul><li>Once appium is installed, you can start the server by mentioning “appium” in the terminal.&nbsp;</li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="245" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-112.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29808"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>As I mentioned before, with appium version 2, we need to install the drivers separately. However, this was not the case with appium 1, i.e.<em> </em><em>When we installed Appium 1. x, all available drivers would be installed at the same time as the main Appium server. This is no longer the case.</em></li></ul>



<h3 id="h-installing-drivers"><span id="Installing_Drivers">Installing Drivers:</span></h3>



<ul><li>To find the list of available drivers, use the following command.&nbsp;<ul><li>appium driver list</li></ul></li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="990" height="316" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-111.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29806"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>To install a specific driver, use the following command.<ul><li>appium driver install &lt;drivername&gt;&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1298" height="172" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-109.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29802"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>Now, when you start appium, it starts the server along with the installed drivers.&nbsp;</li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="292" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-110.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29804"/></figure>



<br><p><em>Note: </em><em>By default, appium creates a hidden directory called </em><em>.appium</em><em> inside your user home directory. This will be the location of all the appium drivers that we install. In my case, it would be: “/Users/vikramramalingam/.appium”.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-starting-appium-via-exec-file"><span id="Starting_Appium_via_exec_file">Starting Appium via exec file:</span></h2>



<p>In order to create an executable file for the appium server, we need a command line interface called “<a href="https://github.com/vercel/pkg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">pkg</a>”.</p>



<h3 id="h-pre-requisite-1"><span id="Pre-requisite-2">Pre-requisite:</span></h3>



<h4 id="h-pkg"><span id="Pkg">Pkg:</span></h4>



<ul><li>A node.js package that can convert your Node.js app into executable files.</li><li>Another advantage of using pkg is, it creates executable files for several target machines at once.</li></ul>



<h4 id="h-installing-pkg"><span id="Installing_Pkg">Installing Pkg:</span></h4>



<ul><li>You can install pkg using the below command:<ul><li>npm install -g pkg</li></ul></li></ul>



<h3 id="h-steps-to-create-an-executable-file"><span id="Steps_to_create_an_executable_file">Steps to create an executable file:</span></h3>



<ul><li>Create a new node js project using the below command<ul><li>npm init</li></ul></li><li>Add appium and pkg as a dependency<ul><li>npm install &#8211;save appium@2.0.0-beta.71</li><li>npm install &#8211;save pkg@5.8.0</li></ul></li><li>Create an index.js file and add the below code, which will start the appium server:</li></ul>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><styled-code>
const {asyncify} = require('asyncbox');
const appium = require('appium');

if (require.main === module) {
  asyncify(appium.main);
}

module.exports = appium;
</styled-code></code></pre>



<ul><li>Pkg looks for an entry point to the application in the package.json file, so add bin and mention index.js.</li><li>Pkg has options such as targets, assets, and outputPath.<ul><li><strong>targets: </strong>Specify the format for which you want to build your output. For example, I am generating an exec file for node version:node16, Os: macOS, and Arch: arm64. If we don&#8217;t specify the target, Pkg generates an exec file for Windows, Linux, and macOS by default.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>assets: </strong>Asset is where we need to add all the required dependencies. For the appium server, we need to add the axios.cjs path as assets Apart from that I have also added files related to the sharp module, as I was getting errors for the same.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>output path: </strong>Path where the exec file should be placed.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>



<p>After doing the above, the package.json file should look like this:</p>



<styled-code>{

 &#8220;name&#8221;: &#8220;appium&#8221;,

 &#8220;version&#8221;: &#8220;1.0.0&#8221;,

 &#8220;description&#8221;: &#8220;Project to create exec file for appium&#8221;,

 &#8220;bin&#8221;: {

   &#8220;appium&#8221;: &#8220;./index.js&#8221;

 },

 &#8220;scripts&#8221;: {

   &#8220;start&#8221;: &#8220;node ./index.js&#8221;,

   &#8220;test&#8221;: &#8220;echo \&#8221;Error: no test specified\&#8221; &amp;&amp; exit 1&#8243;
},

 &#8220;license&#8221;: &#8220;ISC&#8221;,

 &#8220;dependencies&#8221;: {

   &#8220;appium&#8221;: &#8220;^2.0.0-beta.71&#8221;,

   &#8220;pkg&#8221;: &#8220;^5.8.0&#8221;

 },

 &#8220;pkg&#8221;: {

   &#8220;targets&#8221;: [
     &#8220;node16-macos-arm64&#8221;
   ],
   &#8220;assets&#8221;: [
&#8220;./node_modules/axios/dist/node/axios.cjs&#8221;,&#8221;./node_modules/sharp/build/**&#8221;,&#8221;./node_modules/sharp/vendor/**&#8221;
],
   &#8220;outputPath&#8221;: &#8220;dist&#8221;

 }

}</styled-code>



<br><ul><li>Then give the below command to create an exec file for the appium server<ul><li>pkg package.json</li></ul></li><li>You can ignore the warnings on running the above command and once it is over, in the dist folder, you can find the appium server as an exec file. Double-click on it to start the server.</li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="269" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-113.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29810"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>One important thing to consider before packaging is that, when we try to start the server, appium by default fetches the npm version on the machine and checks if the npm version is compatible to start the server. Because of that, if you try to start the appium server using the exec file we have just created in a machine that does not have npm, it will throw the below error.&nbsp;</li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1294" height="162" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-114.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29812"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>To overcome this problem, go inside the appium folder which is present inside the node_modules folder of the project’s working directory, and search for the below methods and comment them out. This will stop appium from looking for the npm version on the target machine.&nbsp;<ul><li>getNpmVersion()</li><li>checkNpmOk()</li></ul></li><li>After doing the above, run the command again to create an executable file, and this time, you will be able to start the server on machines that do not have npm.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<p>It took me some time to figure this out. And having written this article, I hope it will help you get through the process of creating an executable file for the appium server with ease.</p>



<p>All said and done, I would also like to tell you about a <a href="https://testsigma.com/low-code-test-automation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low-code test automation platform</a> for web, mobile, APIs, and desktop applications &#8211; Testsigma.&nbsp; I, along with my team, at Testsigma, am working on some interesting innovations in the field of test automation and would definitely like you to check it out here: <a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://testsigma.com/signup</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion">Conclusion:</span></h2>



<p>Creating an executable file for the appium server not only helps you with starting/stopping the server but also with easy installation and distribution.</p>



<p>Happy Testing!!</p>


Creating an executable file for Appium Server

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<p>Welcome, Fellow Software buffs! Have you ever wondered how to convert those vexing user stories into valuable and efficient test cases? Look no further! since we&#8217;ll dive into the fascinating field of user stories in testing today! When following agile methodology for software development, user stories will be the basis for your work.</p>



<p>That&#8217;s where we come in; with our helpful guide, you&#8217;ll learn how to wrangle those user stories into test cases, making your testing process easier and less stressful. We&#8217;ll go through everything from the fundamentals of user stories to the finer points of writing test cases to guarantee your program functions smoothly.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s get started!</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_a_User_Story"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is a User Story?</a></li><li><a href="#Characteristics_of_a_user_story"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Characteristics of a user story</a></li><li><a href="#Examples_of_User_Stories_in_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Examples of User Stories in Testing</a><ul><li><a href="#User_Story_1"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.1</span> User Story 1:</a></li><li><a href="#User_Story_2"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.2</span> User Story 2:</a></li><li><a href="#User_Story_3"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.3</span> User Story 3:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_User_Stories_in_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Benefits of User Stories in Testing</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Convert_User_Stories_Into_Test_Cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> How to Convert User Stories Into Test Cases?</a><ul><li><a href="#Identify_the_scenarios"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Identify the scenarios:</a></li><li><a href="#Define_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.2</span> Define the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#Write_the_test_steps"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.3</span> Write the test steps:</a></li><li><a href="#Add_relevant_screenshots"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.4</span> Add relevant screenshots:</a></li><li><a href="#Prioritize_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.5</span> Prioritize the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#Update_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.6</span> Update the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Make_This_Activity_Helpful_for_Test_Automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.7</span> How to Make This Activity Helpful for Test Automation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Question"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Frequently Asked Question</a><ul><li><a href="#Who_writes_user_stories"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.1</span> Who writes user stories?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_two_types_of_user_stories"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.2</span> What are the two types of user stories?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-a-user-story"><span id="What_is_a_User_Story"><strong>What is a User Story?</strong></span></h2>



<p>The user story is a term narrated extensively in the Agile software development context, but what exactly is it?</p>



<p>User story testing is a brief, concise explanation of a product or capability from the end user&#8217;s perspective. In an Agile process, a user story is a small workflow unit. It allows the development team to understand the user&#8217;s wants and needs and ensures that the program fits those demands. It is often used in software development.</p>



<p>User stories are typically written in a specific format;</p>



<ol><li>User</li><li>Functionality</li><li>Goal</li></ol>



<p>User stories are essential for directing the development process and ensuring the final product meets the consumer&#8217;s demands. As a <strong>User</strong>, I seek <strong>Functionality</strong> so that the <strong>Goal</strong> is structured. Examples include wanting to follow their purchase status online and knowing when to anticipate delivery. Testers must understand and turn user stories into appealing test cases to ensure the program functions as intended.</p>



<h2 id="h-characteristics-of-a-user-story"><span id="Characteristics_of_a_user_story"><strong>Characteristics of a user story</strong></span></h2>



<p>User stories are a great component for any development team, but there are several crucial characteristics to consider while designing them, mentioned below:</p>



<ul><li>A quick and concise explanation of a software feature or need.</li><li>Written from the standpoint of a user or stakeholder.</li><li>Features acceptance criteria for defining the feature&#8217;s expected behavior. It may be divided into smaller, more manageable chunks (epics, themes, or tasks).</li><li>Often written in “user, functionality, goal” &#8211; format, the development team and stakeholders reach a common understanding.</li><li>Priorities are assigned based on business value and influence on end-user experience.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-examples-of-user-stories-in-testing"><span id="Examples_of_User_Stories_in_Testing">Examples of User Stories in Testing</span></h2>



<p>Let&#8217;s look at some user story testing examples to understand better what they are:</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-1"><span id="User_Story_1">User Story 1:</span></h3>



<p>As a user on social media, I want to be able to modify my profile information, So that I can keep my expertise current.</p>



<p>By doing so, Users can easily alter their profile information to maintain their knowledge and personal details on the platform, focusing on their motivation and desired outcome.</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-2"><span id="User_Story_2">User Story 2:</span></h3>



<p>As an online shopper, I want to limit search results by price to select items within my budget.</p>



<p>This user story reflects online customers&#8217; needs to specify a price range when looking for items. This feature allows customers to filter search results by price, improving the browsing experience by allowing them to exclude goods outside of their specified price range.</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-3"><span id="User_Story_3">User Story 3:</span></h3>



<p>As a fitness app user, I want to track my progress over time to see how I am progressing.</p>



<p>This user story highlights fitness app users&#8217; need to track their progress and performance over time. This option&nbsp;allows users to examine their fitness journey, such as steps done, calories burnt, distance travelled, or weight lifted, to assess their progress and make educated fitness decisions. With the growing demand for fitness apps, it&#8217;s important to choose a reliable and experienced <a href="https://onix-systems.com/sports-and-fitness-development-services" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fitness app development company</a> that can create a user-friendly and feature-rich app tailored to individual fitness goals.</p>



<h2 id="h-benefits-of-user-stories-in-testing"><span id="Benefits_of_User_Stories_in_Testing">Benefits of User Stories in Testing</span></h2>



<p>User stories offer a variety of benefits to software development teams:</p>



<ul><li>To clearly understand what the user wants helps developers create software that meets their needs.</li><li>Encourage collaboration between developers, testers, and stakeholders, leading to a better end product.</li><li>They can be easily prioritized, allowing teams to focus on the most important features first.</li><li>To help identify potential issues and challenges early on in the development process.</li><li>Promote a user-centered approach to software development, resulting in a more satisfying user experience.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-convert-user-stories-into-test-cases"><span id="How_to_Convert_User_Stories_Into_Test_Cases">How to Convert User Stories Into Test Cases?</span></h2>



<p>Once you have a solid understanding of user stories, the next step is to convert them into practical and effective test cases. Here&#8217;s an example that demonstrates how you can do it:</p>



<p><strong>User Story: </strong>I want to add products to my shopping basket on an e-commerce website to make a purchase.</p>



<h3 id="h-identify-the-scenarios"><span id="Identify_the_scenarios">Identify the scenarios:</span></h3>



<ul><li>Scenario 1: Adding one item to the shopping cart.</li><li>Scenario 2: Adding numerous items to the shopping cart.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-define-the-test-cases"><span id="Define_the_test_cases">Define the test cases:</span></h3>



<ul><li>In Test Case 1, Confirm that a single item may be added to the shopping basket.</li><li>Verify that a user may add numerous products to the shopping basket in Test Case 2.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-write-the-test-steps"><span id="Write_the_test_steps">Write the test steps:</span></h3>



<p><strong>Test Case 1:</strong></p>



<ol><li>Go to the product&#8217;s page.</li><li>For the chosen item, click the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; button.</li><li>Check that the item has been put to the shopping basket.</li></ol>



<p><strong>Test Case 2:</strong></p>



<ol><li>Go to the product&#8217;s page.</li><li>Select multiple items by selecting the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; buttons next to them.</li><li>Check that all selected goods have been put in the shopping basket.</li></ol>



<h3 id="h-add-relevant-screenshots"><span id="Add_relevant_screenshots">Add relevant screenshots:</span></h3>



<p>Include images of the product page, the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; button, and the updated shopping cart after the item(s) have been added.</p>



<h3 id="h-prioritize-the-test-cases"><span id="Prioritize_the_test_cases">Prioritize the test cases:</span></h3>



<p>Prioritize the situations depending on their relevance. </p>



<p><strong>Test Case 1</strong> is a priority since it covers the core operation of adding a single item to the shopping cart.</p>



<h3 id="h-update-the-test-cases"><span id="Update_the_test_cases">Update the test cases:</span></h3>



<p>Update the test cases as the user narrative matures or changes. For example, if the user narrative is changed to include the ability to remove products from the shopping cart, the test cases should be updated to incorporate the removal procedures.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-make-this-activity-helpful-for-test-automation"><span id="How_to_Make_This_Activity_Helpful_for_Test_Automation">How to Make This Activity Helpful for Test Automation</span></h3>



<p>To make the activity of turning user stories into test cases helpful for <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test automation</a>, there are several key considerations:</p>



<ol><li><strong>Selecting the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/10-points-to-help-you-choose-the-right-test-automation-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Right Test Automation Tool</a>:</strong> Select a test automation solution that is compatible with the needs of your project, such as Testsigma, which can automate test cases efficiently.</li><li><strong>Creating Automation-Friendly Test Steps:</strong> Focus on generating test procedures that can be easily converted into automated scripts while writing test cases, reducing difficult activities into manageable processes.</li><li><strong>Prioritizing Test Cases for Automation:</strong> You may choose which test cases should be automated first by assigning priority to them. Concentrating on high-priority test cases may optimize your automation efforts while ensuring key functionality is adequately evaluated.</li></ol>



<p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="display: block; margin: auto;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Start automating your user stories for web, mobile, API, and desktop applications, 10x faster, with Testsigma</a></button></p>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px">Testsigma is a no-code test automation tool that reduces human error, saves time, and offers scalability. With Testsigma, writing test cases is as easy as writing sentences in simple English; thus converting your user stories into efficient and effective test cases is easier. It reduces human error by conducting automated tests consistently and reliably, saves time by completing tests quickly, and offers scalability to meet the demands of a project.</p></p>



<br><h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>Finally, turning user stories into compelling test cases is essential in ensuring your program meets your users&#8217; needs. Thanks to our easy-to-use test automation platform, these stories can be easily turned into automated tests and executed quickly and efficiently with Testsigma.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-question"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Question"><strong>Frequently Asked Question</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-who-writes-user-stories"><span id="Who_writes_user_stories">Who writes user stories?</span></h3>



<p>User stories are often developed by product owners, business analysts, or other stakeholders who thoroughly understand the users&#8217; needs and expectations. The idea is to get everyone on the team on the same page about what the program needs to do and what features will be required to get there.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-two-types-of-user-stories"><span id="What_are_the_two_types_of_user_stories">What are the two types of user stories?</span></h3>



<p>The two types of user stories are functional and technical. Functional stories focus on the user and the value of the application software&#8217;s functioning, while technical stories are written to supplement functional stories. Technical stories are further subdivided into:</p>



<ul><li>infrastructure stories</li><li>refactoring stories</li><li>spike stories</li></ul>



<p>The technical stories require architecture and design research to meet the customer&#8217;s functional requirements.</p>


User Stories In Testing How To Convert it Into Test Cases

User Stories In Testing: How To Convert it Into Test Cases?


<p>The browser renders web pages as HTML documents, HTML documents contain a series of HTML elements such as &lt;body&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;title&gt; &lt;p&gt; etc. <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-web-application-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Automation Testing of web application</a>s requires components of the webpages to be identified uniquely to perform any action on that. Locators or Selectors are used to identify the web elements uniquely on the webpage. The Locators are a series of elements chained with the selector-specific syntaxes. However, every automation tool provides its own method to find element by XPath.Selectors can be broadly classified into,</p>



<ul><li>CSS selectors</li><li>XPath</li></ul>



<p>The XPath selector is the most commonly used selector and is supported by all major browsers and test automation tools.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Find_Element_by_XPath_in_Chrome"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> How to Find Element by XPath in Chrome</a></li><li><a href="#FindElement_by_XPath_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> FindElement by XPath in Selenium</a></li><li><a href="#FindElement_by_XPath_Detailed_Guide"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> FindElement by XPath Detailed Guide</a></li><li><a href="#Find_Elements_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Find Elements in Selenium</a><ul><li><a href="#Find_Elements_in_Selenium_Code_Example"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Find Elements in Selenium Code Example</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Using_FindElements_by_XPath_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Using FindElement(s) by XPath in Selenium.</a><ul><li><ul><li><a href="#Create_a_web_driver_object"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.1</span> Create a web driver object</a></li><li><a href="#Navigate_to_webpage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.2</span> Navigate to webpage</a></li><li><a href="#Log_the_text_value_of_the_element"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.3</span> Log the text value of the element</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_XPath-2"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.1</span> What is XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_Absolute_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.2</span> What is Absolute XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_Relative_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.3</span> What is Relative XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#Which_locator_strategy_is_most_recommended"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.4</span> Which locator strategy is most recommended?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_find_the_XPath_Value"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.5</span> How to find the XPath Value?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_find_the_XPath_by_Text"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.6</span> How to find the XPath by Text?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-xpath"><span id="What_is_XPath">What is XPath?</span></h2>



<p>XPath stands for XML Path Language. It is an XML Path notation used for navigation throughout the HTML document of the page. It uses the XML-based syntax to find the HTML element on the webpage. XPath is also known as a query language. The XPath works for any complicated application. General Syntax for XPath is as follows.</p>



<styled-code>
//tagname[@attribute=&#8217;value&#8217;]
</styled-code>



<p>For example, you can construct XPath,</p>



<styled-code>
//div[@id=&#8217;myid&#8217;]
</styled-code>



<ul><li><strong>//: </strong>Selects the current node.</li><li><strong>Tag name:</strong> Name of the tag.</li><li><strong>@: </strong>Select the attribute.</li><li><strong>Attribute Name:</strong> Name of the attribute.</li><li><strong>Value:</strong> Value of the attribute.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-find-element-by-xpath-in-chrome"><span id="How_to_Find_Element_by_XPath_in_Chrome">How to Find Element by XPath in Chrome</span></h2>



<p>The XPath is supported by most modern browsers. Browsers like Chrome allow us to write the XPath in the developer tools and check the correctness. If your XPath is correct, then chrome highlights the specific web element in UI.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s discuss how to write the XPath in Chrome Browser,Let&#8217;s take the above-mentioned scenario of finding the XPath for &lt;ul&gt; that contains the list of product menu.</p>



<p>1. Navigate to the Webpage.</p>



<p>You can Navigate to any webpage you wish, for simplicity let&#8217;s navigate to https://testsigma.com/.</p><br><p style="padding-bottom:30px">2. Right Click on the desired element in our case its footer element and Click on Inspect.</p><br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_5997ce681e67d6d68124ccc91593895d_2000.png" alt="inspect" width="800" height="400"/></figure></div>



<p><p style="padding-top:30px">Ensure the Chrome DevTools opens with the Elements tab Activated.3. Use the Ctrl+F key to bring the Search Input into the dev tools4. Construct the XPath using the XPath rules.XPath follows certain syntaxes mentioned above; it may start with / or //, and you need to follow XPath syntax.</p></p>



<p>Now, you need to find the list of the footer links using XPath. You have a ul tag associated with li, which can be constructed as shown below.</p>



//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li<br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_e40eb4e5e17a32733f0a3bd5670a5ed3_2000.png" alt="find element by xpath" width="900" height="400"/></figure></div>



<p>For example, as you can see in the above screenshot. First &lt;li&gt; is highlighted and in the search box you can see there are 18 matches. There are 18 different links in the list.</p>



<p>You need to follow the same steps for other browsers also. As mentioned before, most of the modern browser supports XPath. You can also use Edge, Firefox, Chromium, or any similar browsers.</p>



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<h2 id="h-findelement-by-xpath-in-selenium"><span id="FindElement_by_XPath_in_Selenium">FindElement by XPath in Selenium</span></h2>



<p>The FindElement and FindElements are two different methods that help to find the element in the webpage, by using the locator strategies.</p>



<p><strong>FindElement in Selenium: </strong>The FindElement method returns the WebElement object which contains the <a href="https://www.freedomscientific.com/SurfsUp/Elements.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">element of the webpage</a>. It returns the Single element so it is more suitable when you are acting on a single web element. When you execute the FindElement() logic on the browser, it searches for the matches based on the locator Strategy. Returns you the first locator that matches.</p>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px"><strong>FindElements in Selenium: </strong>Unlike the FindElement method, the FindElements method returns multiple elements as a list (List&lt;WebElement&gt;) so it is more appropriate when you want to perform the operation on a series of web elements.</p></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Find Element</strong></td><td><strong>FindElements</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Returns the Single Element of Type WebElement</td><td>Returns the multiple web element of type List&lt;WebElement&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Returns First most web element if there are multiple matches</td><td>Returns the list of web elements</td></tr><tr><td>Cannot iterate over multiple elements</td><td>Helps to iterate over multiple elements and perform an action on them</td></tr><tr><td>If there is no Element NoSuchElementException is thrown</td><td>Returns the empty list if no matching element is found</td></tr><tr><td>Since there is only one element cannot access the element by index</td><td>If there are multiple elements we can access the element by using index. The index starts from 0, 0<sup>th</sup> index returns the first web element</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="h-findelement-by-xpath-detailed-guide"><span id="FindElement_by_XPath_Detailed_Guide">FindElement by XPath Detailed Guide</span></h2>



<p>The below example shows the usage of findElement using Java.</p>



WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.LocatorStrategy(&#8220;SelectorValue&#8221;));



<ul><li><strong>driver: </strong>the driver is an instance of Selenium Webdriver</li><li><strong>findElement: </strong>The Find Element method requires Locator Strategy as the parameter.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-find-elements-in-selenium"><span id="Find_Elements_in_Selenium">Find Elements in Selenium</span></h2>



<p>As the name indicates, the findElements returns multiple web elements as a List. This method fetches multiple elements at once and performs iterative operations on them.</p>



<h3 id="h-find-elements-in-selenium-code-example"><span id="Find_Elements_in_Selenium_Code_Example">Find Elements in Selenium Code Example</span></h3>



<p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; elementList = driver.findElements(By.LocatorStrategy(&#8220;Selector&#8221;));



<ul><li><strong>Driver:</strong> The driver is an instance of the Selenium Webdriver.</li><li><strong>FindElements: </strong>A method in selenium, requires the LocatorStrategy as parameters.</li><li>Returns the List containing the Web elements.</li></ul>



<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>



<p style="padding-bottom:30px">Let’s consider we have a list of footer links, and we wanted to fetch all the links at once and get the text. Then we can construct find elements by XPath like below,</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_f625f2a41d65e975591828b44197007e_2000.png" alt="footer links"/></figure>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; links = driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));



<h2 id="h-using-findelement-s-by-xpath-in-selenium"><span id="Using_FindElements_by_XPath_in_Selenium">Using FindElement(s) by XPath in Selenium.</span></h2>



<p>As mentioned above selenium provides the FindElement(s) method to fetch the locator from the webpage. You can use this method with the driver by passing the Locator strategy as a parameter.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s understand it with a simple scenario.</p>



<ol><li>Navigate to Testsigma.</li><li>Find the footers in the footer section.</li><li>Log the Text of the footers.</li></ol>



<p>To write the above scenarios in Selenium we need to follow different steps. Let&#8217;s take a look one by one.</p>



<h4 id="h-create-a-web-driver-object"><span id="Create_a_web_driver_object">Create a web driver object</span></h4>



WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver()



<h4 id="h-navigate-to-webpage"><span id="Navigate_to_webpage">Navigate to webpage</span></h4>



driver.get(&#8220;https://testsigma.com/ &#8220;);



<p>Find the footer Element which is having the list of items.</p>



<p>As discussed in the Chrome XPath section, the ul and li holds the list of product menu items.</p>



<p>Let’s construct XPath for the same,</p>



XPath: //footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li



<p>Once you have the XPath, pass this XPath as a locator strategy for the Find Element by XPath method. Example:</p>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; elements =driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));



<h4 id="h-log-the-text-value-of-the-element"><span id="Log_the_text_value_of_the_element">Log the text value of the element</span></h4>



<p>To log the text value of the element, you need to iterate over each element and log it.</p>



<p>Putting everything together, below is a code example to find element by XPath.</p>



import java.util.List;<br>import org.junit.Test;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.By;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;<br>public class SeleniumXPath {<br>@Test<br>public void seleniumDemoTest() {<br>WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();<br>driver.get(&#8220;https://www.testsigma.com&#8221;);<br>driver.switchTo().frame(&#8220;iframeResult&#8221;);<br>List elements = driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));<br>for (WebElement element : elements) {<br>System.out.println(element.getText());<br>}<br>}<br>}



<p>The above example illustrates the Selenium Find Element by XPath. Similarly, you can use the Selenium findElement by ID.</p>



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<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions">Frequently Asked Questions</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-xpath-1"><span id="What_is_XPath-2">What is XPath?</span></h3>



<p>XPath is XSLT standard element. It can be used to navigate elements in XML or HTML DOM contents.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-absolute-xpath"><span id="What_is_Absolute_XPath">What is Absolute XPath?</span></h3>



<p>Absolute XPath is the least used XPath type; it starts from the root of the HTML DOM tree. Absolute XPath Starts with a single slash (/).</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-relative-xpath"><span id="What_is_Relative_XPath">What is Relative XPath?</span></h3>



<p>Relative XPath is the most used XPath type; it starts with a double slash (//).</p>



<h3 id="h-which-locator-strategy-is-most-recommended"><span id="Which_locator_strategy_is_most_recommended">Which locator strategy is most recommended?</span></h3>



<p>There are different types of locator strategies available in Selenium, such as ID, class, name, Link text, and XPath. However, various experts suggest using the XPath when there are no other locators available to use. One of the reasons is &#8211; typically, XPath is associated with more than one HTML elements, so any new functionality can break the existing XPath.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-find-the-xpath-value"><span id="How_to_find_the_XPath_Value">How to find the XPath Value?</span></h3>



<p>Any modern browser’s developer tools can help to find the XPath value; there are third-party plugins that can help you to find the XPath easily. However, the browser dev tools can help you in most of the scenarios.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-find-the-xpath-by-text"><span id="How_to_find_the_XPath_by_Text">How to find the XPath by Text?</span></h3>



<p>The XPath can also be constructed to find text in the DOM element. In such cases, you need to use the text() functions in the XPath.<strong>Example:</strong>//ul/li[text()=&#8217;banana&#8217;].</p>



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Find Element by XPath: A Complete Guide

Release testing How to automate with Testsigma

Release Testing: What It is, Types & How to Perform?


<p>The Software Testing is key aspect of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Outcome of the product quality depends on how thoroughly software is tested. There are different types of testing techniques. Exploratory testing is one such popular technique where the professional testers perform the testing without any preparation. Tester explores the given functionality and aims to find as many bugs as possible. </p>



<p>Testers may get distracted during the exploratory testing, as he may work on multiple tasks parallelly such as raising defects, discussions, asking for clarifications or any other non-testing related activities. To overcome the challenges of exploratory testing and utilize the complete power of exploratory testing there is a technique called Session Based Testing (SBT).</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Session_Based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Session Based Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Components_of_Session_Based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Components of Session Based Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Why_Session_Based_Testing_Management_SBTM_is_important"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Why Session Based Testing Management (SBTM) is important?</a><ul><li><a href="#Advantages_of_Exploratory_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.1</span> Advantages of Exploratory Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Disadvantages_of_Exploratory_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.2</span> Disadvantages of Exploratory Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Advantages_of_Session-Based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.3</span> Advantages of Session-Based Testing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Session-Based_Testing_in_Agile_Methodology"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Session-Based Testing in Agile Methodology</a></li><li><a href="#Session_Based_Testing_and_Automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Session Based Testing and Automation</a></li><li><a href="#Advantage_of_using_Automation_in_Session_Based_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Advantage of using Automation in Session Based Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Summary"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Summary</a></li><li><a href="#Session-Based_Testing_Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Session-Based Testing Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><ul><li><a href="#What_are_the_benefits_of_SBT"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">8.0.1</span> What are the benefits of SBT?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Is_session-based_testing_an_agile_methodology"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.1</span> Is session-based testing an agile methodology?</a></li><li><a href="#Does_session-based_testing_require_automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.2</span> Does session-based testing require automation?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_an_exploratory_testing_session"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.3</span> What is an exploratory testing session?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-session-based-testing"><span id="What_is_Session_Based_Testing">What is Session Based Testing?</span></h2>



<p>Session Based Testing can be defined as a structured and time-based testing technique to carry out exploratory testing. In this methodology, uninterrupted testing is carried out for a specific time-period. In the end, the outcome of the testing is evaluated.</p>



<h2 id="h-components-of-session-based-testing"><span id="Components_of_Session_Based_Testing">Components of Session Based Testing</span></h2>



<p>The session-based exploratory testing involves multiple elements as it follows specific approach. Below is the list:</p>



<ul><li><strong>Mission:</strong> Define the purpose.</li><li><strong>Charter: </strong>Define the goal for session.</li><li><strong>Session:</strong> Uninterrupted time for actual testing.</li><li><strong>Session Report:</strong> Session report contains bugs and other information.</li><li><strong>Debrief: </strong>Quick session with manager.</li><li><strong>Parsing Results: </strong>High-level aggregated reports.</li></ul>



<p>Each and every component mentioned above plays a critical role in the session testing. Let&#8217;s understand each component in detail.</p>



<p id="h-mission"><strong>Mission</strong></p>



<p>It defines the purpose behind session based Testing. This includes the duration of the session. Duration can be typically 45 minutes to 2 hours. The mission helps to focus on the key areas while still allowing the exploration of the system.</p>



<p id="h-charter"><strong>Charter</strong></p>



<p>The charter is the goal for the specific test session. The testing team creates the charters. However, while preparing the charter, the testing team can take the help of the product and development teams. You can derive the charters from the specifications or the previous sessions. But you should be aware that charters are flexible and can be updated at any time. Charters should not be too generic and should not be too specific. For example,</p>



<ul><li>Verify the Testsigma website &#8211; This is too general.</li><li>Validate the Testsigma homepage for the menu dropdown to work correctly &#8211; This is too specific.</li><li>Focus on the Testsigma webpage functionalities that are listed on the homepage &#8211; Good.</li></ul>



<p id="h-session"><strong>Session</strong></p>



<p>The session is your uninterrupted and focused time for testing. You should focus the session on charter but not limit to charter. You can explore new opportunities or bugs during the session. As you progress, note down the ideas and bugs. You can also note down the scenarios that are worth exploring in the next sessions.</p>



<p id="h-session-report"><strong>Session report</strong></p>



<p>Once the session is over, you will have a lot of scenarios, bugs, and a lot of valuable information. The session report contains the summary of the session. Some of the key pointers of session reports are charter, the strategy used, area tested, list of bugs, list of open questions/clarifications, opportunities discovered, duration, etc.</p>



<p id="h-debrief"><strong>Debrief</strong></p>



<p>It is a quick discussion between the tester and the manager. The debriefing follows the PROOF concept.</p>



<ul><li>Past(P): List of activities you have completed during the session.</li><li>Results: What you have achieved in the session.</li><li>Obstacles(O): List of problems that you have faced.</li><li>Outlooks(O): Your feedback or plans for the next session.</li><li>Feelings(F): Your opinion and review; this can also include improvisation points.</li></ul>



<p id="h-parsing-results"><strong>Parsing Results</strong></p>



<p>Managers can create a common standardized report. The report consolidates or aggregates all the session reports. The report includes a list of bugs, sessions per feature, time spent on each area, new opportunities, etc.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-session-based-testing-management-sbtm-is-important"><span id="Why_Session_Based_Testing_Management_SBTM_is_important">Why Session Based Testing Management (SBTM) is important?</span></h2>



<p>Let’s understand how you can get benefit from Session Based Test Management (SBTM). SBT is an extended version of exploratory testing. To know the importance of SBTM you need to know the pros and cons of the<a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/exploratory-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> exploratory testing</a>.</p>



<h3 id="h-advantages-of-exploratory-testing"><span id="Advantages_of_Exploratory_Testing">Advantages of Exploratory Testing</span></h3>



<ul><li><strong>Less Preparation Time: </strong>It<strong> </strong>is more result-oriented rather than process oriented. You don’t have to pre-plan your testing activity. You can start the testing immediately and start reporting bugs.</li><li><strong>No barriers: </strong>You are not limited to any functionality or scripts and are free to explore. This helps in recording the critical bugs early.</li><li><strong>Increased knowledge:</strong> As you are given with tasks to report as many bugs as possible, it increases your product knowledge. As you keep on exploring and testing, you get the answers to a lot of questions.</li><li><strong>Anyone can contribute: </strong>Though testers are primary for these sessions, any person from the product team, development team, or anyone who has knowledge of the product can contribute to the exploratory testing.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-disadvantages-of-exploratory-testing"><span id="Disadvantages_of_Exploratory_Testing">Disadvantages of Exploratory Testing</span></h3>



<ul><li><strong>Requires experienced resources with out-of-the-box thinking: </strong>One of the major drawbacks of exploratory testing is, there are no test plans and no testcases. Only person who knows about product can bring the good result. The testers creativity plays major role in testing.</li><li><strong>No traces and tracks on amount of completion: </strong>You cannot say confidently that, you have completed X percentage of testing. As you are not focused on specific plans. You might have many undiscovered bugs even after testing.</li><li><strong>Difficult to reproduce issues:</strong> You should have high level of attention to detail while performing the exploratory testing. You should know what you are doing otherwise it is difficult to reproduce the steps, when you discover the bugs.</li><li><strong>Interruptions: </strong>Testers easily get distracted with messaging tools, emails, discussion with product team, asking clarifications. Though you spend 2 hours on exploratory testing, the focused hours may be 30 mins to 1 hour.</li></ul>



<p>You can easily think that exploratory testing is good and required for every product, and it saves from delivering critical bugs to production. At the same time, you need to overcome the difficulties in the exploratory testing. Session Based Testing had emerged as a powerful testing technique for the same reason. It overcomes the disadvantages of exploratory testing, and it adds power to exploratory testing.</p>



<h3 id="h-advantages-of-session-based-testing"><span id="Advantages_of_Session-Based_Testing">Advantages of Session-Based Testing</span></h3>



<ul><li><strong>Structured:</strong> You will not be given test plans during the session testing, but you will have structures and focus areas. The session is organized from beginning to end with a structured approach.</li><li><strong>Focused Testing:</strong> You don’t get any distractions in session-based testing. SBT testing uses a focused and distraction-free session. The SBT includes a major component as a session which is distraction-free time to achieve your goal.</li><li><strong>Uncover Edge case scenarios:</strong> SBT takes advantage of exploratory testing; it provides the flexibility to explore new features and uncover bugs.</li><li><strong>Easy to Track:</strong> You will get the focused area to test, so it is easy to remember what you have tried. This also helps in recording steps. Some tools also provide you to add short notes/comments, which can be helpful during final report creation.</li><li><strong>Everything is tracked: </strong>You can track everything, such as focused features, duration, and explored areas, and your overall experience throughout the session is tracked in a document. The aggregated report helps the management to analyze and come up with new plans.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-session-based-testing-in-agile-methodology"><span id="Session-Based_Testing_in_Agile_Methodology">Session-Based Testing in Agile Methodology</span></h2>



<p>Agile methodology is a modern software development framework. Most organizations are now transitioning to agile framework. Agile framework provides the flexibility to customize and incorporate new things by using standard guidelines. The session-based testing technique can be easily integrated into the agile framework. The Session based testing allows you to have a charter, which can be small or large. You can define the charter which can fit into your agile model for each session. It also provides the flexibility to have as many sessions as you need. Below is one such example that shows how SBT can be integrated into Agile:</p>



<ul><li>Gather the list of features that are a part of the sprint.</li><li>Analyze the critical areas which have a high business impact.</li><li>Prepare the focused areas for SBTM.</li><li>Plan the Session-based testing when the features are ready to be tested.</li><li>Track everything and repeat the above steps in each sprint.</li></ul>



<p>This way, you get the highest benefit of the exploratory testing and increased productivity. Furthermore, it also helps in discovering a lot of major bugs and improves confidence for release to production.</p>



<h2 id="h-session-based-testing-and-automation"><span id="Session_Based_Testing_and_Automation">Session Based Testing and Automation</span></h2>



<p>As mentioned earlier, Session Based Testing is advanced version of exploratory testing. Exploratory testing doesn&#8217;t contain any scripts, test cases. However, session-based testing focuses on best practices. Now, you might be thinking that automation is not helpful in session-based testing. However, session-based testing can still utilize the power of automation. You can use the automation in SBT to speed up the preparation of input data. For example, if you have all the automation script ready and you have the session time defined, just before a ,few hours to start the session, you can start the automation script; this can save lot of your efforts that is required to create the input data.</p>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px">Testsigma, a no-code test automation, is built with superior test management features to aid your data-driven test automation. Read more about it here: <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-data-driven-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://testsigma.com/automated-data-driven-testing</a> </p></p>



<p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="display: block;
    margin: auto;"><a href="https://github.com/testsigmahq/testsigma" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Start automating your data-driven automated tests from your exploratory test sessions, in minutes, with Testsigma</a></button></p>



<br><h2 id="h-advantage-of-using-automation-in-session-based-testing"><span id="Advantage_of_using_Automation_in_Session_Based_Testing">Advantage of using Automation in Session Based Testing</span></h2>



<ul><li><strong>Saves Time and effort:</strong> Automation can save a lot of repeated works to prepare the input data.</li><li><strong>Reduces the last-minute surprises:</strong> While creating an automation script you might have gone through the data creation process. Any issues or hiccups that you faced during the data creation process are already resolved (or else automation scripts will fail). Since you have completed the automation scripts, the data creation process is smooth. Whereas in the manual approach, when you do it for the first time, then you may encounter a lot of issues, and resolving these issues may impact the SBT.</li></ul>



<p>As we discussed in the previous section, exploratory testing requires professional testers to yield greater results. Similarly, the automation script also requires expertise in programming languages. However, this is true only if you stick to code-based automation tools such as Selenium, Cypress etc. There are lot of codeless automation tools which can save your time &#8211; Testsigma is one such tool. Anyone who knows about testing can just start the automation without worrying about coding. The Artificial Intelligence mechanism in Testsigma can also help you to reduce the maintenance of your automation scripts.</p>



<h2 id="h-summary"><span id="Summary">Summary</span></h2>



<p>Session-based testing is derived from exploratory testing. SBT makes exploratory testing more effective and structured. SBT involves elements &#8211; mission, charter, session, debriefing, session reporting, and parsing results. The components are designed to help both testers and management. SBT can be easily integrated into the agile framework to get the most out of it. Having automation scripts for data creation makes SBT more powerful and productive.</p>



<h2 id="h-session-based-testing-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Session-Based_Testing_Frequently_Asked_Questions">Session-Based Testing Frequently Asked Questions</span></h2>



<h4 id="h-what-are-the-benefits-of-sbt"><span id="What_are_the_benefits_of_SBT">What are the benefits of SBT?</span></h4>



<p>Session based testing uses the benefits of exploratory testing. It overcomes the cons of exploratory testing, which makes Session testing more powerful. Also, it reduces any distractions for testers and increases productivity.</p>



<h3 id="h-is-session-based-testing-an-agile-methodology"><span id="Is_session-based_testing_an_agile_methodology">Is session-based testing an agile methodology?</span></h3>



<p>Session-based testing is a structured approach. Though it is not part of agile methodology using the agile framework flexibility, you can easily integrate session-based testing into the agile methodology.</p>



<h3 id="h-does-session-based-testing-require-automation"><span id="Does_session-based_testing_require_automation">Does session-based testing require automation?</span></h3>



<p>It is not mandatory to use automation in session-based testing, but you can always automate the important use cases found during the sessions.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-an-exploratory-testing-session"><span id="What_is_an_exploratory_testing_session">What is an exploratory testing session?</span></h3>



<p>Session-based testing is referred to as exploratory testing sessions or session testing.</p>


Session Based Testing Technique In Software Testing


<p>As businesses continue to rely on Salesforce to manage their day-to-day operations, it&#8217;s more important than ever to have a solid <a href="https://testsigma.com/regression-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regression testing</a> strategy in place. By performing regular Salesforce regression testing, you can ensure that your Salesforce applications continue to work as intended, even after a code change.</p>



<p>In this guide, we&#8217;ll discuss the challenges of Salesforce regression testing, best practices, and tools you need to know to get started. So, let&#8217;s dive right in.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Salesforce_Regression_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Salesforce Regression Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_Regression_Test_Your_Salesforce_Application"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Why Regression Test Your Salesforce Application?</a></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_Implementing_Regression_Test_Automation_in_Salesforce_DevOps"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Benefits of Implementing Regression Test Automation in Salesforce DevOps</a><ul><li><a href="#1_Faster_Feedback_Cycles"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.1</span> 1. Faster Feedback Cycles</a></li><li><a href="#2_Accelerated_Regression_Tests"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.2</span> 2. Accelerated Regression Tests</a></li><li><a href="#3_Fully_Autonomous"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.3</span> 3. Fully Autonomous</a></li><li><a href="#4_Cost-effective"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.4</span> 4. Cost-effective</a></li><li><a href="#5_Improved_Accuracy"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.5</span> 5. Improved Accuracy</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Best_Practices_for_Regression_Testing_Salesforce"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Best Practices for Regression Testing Salesforce</a><ul><li><a href="#1_Define_your_approach_to_Salesforce_regression_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> 1. Define your approach to Salesforce regression testing</a></li><li><a href="#2_Select_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> 2. Select test cases</a></li><li><a href="#3_Frequently_update_your_regression_suite"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.3</span> 3. Frequently update your regression suite</a></li><li><a href="#4_Define_testing_frequency"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.4</span> 4. Define testing frequency</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#What_to_Look_For_in_a_Salesforce_Regression_Testing_Tool"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> What to Look For in a Salesforce Regression Testing Tool?</a><ul><li><a href="#Full_cross-technology_support"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Full cross-technology support</a></li><li><a href="#Easy_to_use"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.2</span> Easy to use</a></li><li><a href="#Highly_scalable"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.3</span> Highly scalable</a></li><li><a href="#Third-party_integration"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.4</span> Third-party integration</a></li><li><a href="#Supports_different_types_of_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.5</span> Supports different types of testing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Testsigma_for_Automating_Salesforce_Regression_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Testsigma for Automating Salesforce Regression Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Summary"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Summary</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-salesforce-regression-testing"><span id="What_is_Salesforce_Regression_Testing"><strong>What is Salesforce Regression Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Salesforce regression testing aims to verify that existing functionalities have not been broken due to any updates or code changes. It involves testing the entire system or high-risk areas to ensure that critical features and processes continue to work as expected.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-regression-test-your-salesforce-application"><span id="Why_Regression_Test_Your_Salesforce_Application"><strong>Why Regression Test Your Salesforce Application?</strong></span></h2>



<p>You might be aware of the fact that Salesforce releases frequent updates and new features to its product. Reportedly, they have <a href="https://trailhead.salesforce.com/content/learn/modules/sf_releases/sf_releases_start" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">three seasonal releases</a> yearly &#8211; Spring, Summer, and Winter. During every release or update, you must ensure your salesforce implementation is stable and working as expected. Salesforce Regression testing helps to identify bugs that may have been introduced due to code changes or updates and also ensures that it does not impact the existing functionalities. It helps maintain the overall quality and reliability and guarantees that your Salesforce application is stable, efficient, and works as expected.</p>



<p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a style="color:#fff" href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Start automating your salesforce regression tests with Testsigma </a></button></p>



<h2 id="h-benefits-of-implementing-regression-test-automation-in-salesforce-devops"><span id="Benefits_of_Implementing_Regression_Test_Automation_in_Salesforce_DevOps"><strong>Benefits of Implementing Regression Test Automation in Salesforce DevOps</strong></span></h2>



<p>Salesforce automated regression testing offers multiple benefits to businesses, from cost savings to reducing testing time, thus boosting DevOps and faster deployment.</p>



<h3 id="h-1-faster-feedback-cycles"><span id="1_Faster_Feedback_Cycles">1. Faster Feedback Cycles</span></h3>



<p>Automated testing provides rapid feedback to the developers. It allows them to fix bugs or glitches in the application quickly. Thus, it helps ship products faster.</p>



<h3 id="h-2-accelerated-regression-tests"><span id="2_Accelerated_Regression_Tests">2. Accelerated Regression Tests</span></h3>



<p>By incorporating test automation into your DevOps pipelines, you can schedule test cases anytime, anywhere, leading to faster results with less effort and time spent on releases and deployments.</p>



<h3 id="h-3-fully-autonomous"><span id="3_Fully_Autonomous">3. Fully Autonomous</span></h3>



<p>The autonomous nature of test automation allows users to schedule and execute tests overnight. It avoids the need for human intervention, thus allowing you to test your product overnight and get the test reports by morning. This&nbsp;enables the QA team to focus more on critical tasks.</p>



<h3 id="h-4-cost-effective"><span id="4_Cost-effective">4. Cost-effective</span></h3>



<p>Automation reduces the time and effort required for testing, leading to cost savings in the long run. Additionally, automation reduces the likelihood of defects making it into production, which can result in fewer costs to fix.</p>



<h3 id="h-5-improved-accuracy"><span id="5_Improved_Accuracy">5. Improved Accuracy</span></h3>



<p>Automated Salesforce regression testing ensures that the test cases are executed accurately and consistently, leading to high-quality software. Also, they can test a large number of scenarios, thereby leading to broader test coverage in a shorter time. This means that you can identify bugs earlier in the development cycle, leading to improved overall quality.</p>



<h2 id="h-best-practices-for-regression-testing-salesforce"><span id="Best_Practices_for_Regression_Testing_Salesforce"><strong>Best Practices for Regression Testing Salesforce</strong></span></h2>



<p>The following are some of the best practices of salesforce regression testing that you can follow to ensure that your testing is fast, secure, and cost-efficient.</p>



<h3 id="h-1-define-your-approach-to-salesforce-regression-testing"><span id="1_Define_your_approach_to_Salesforce_regression_testing">1. Define your approach to Salesforce regression testing</span></h3>



<p>You must create a clear testing strategy for your Salesforce regression testing. Before your testing, decide on certain factors, such as,</p>



<ul><li>What test cases to automate and what test cases to perform manually?</li><li>How much test coverage are you planning for?</li><li>What test environments are required for regression tests?</li><li>How will you report the performance of the regression tests?</li></ul>



<p>Also, the testing approach may differ based on the Salesforce interface you&#8217;re working with &#8211; Lightning or Classic.</p>



<p>Salesforce Lightning is the latest version that is easy to use and fast. Yet, most businesses still use the Classic version. However, Salesforce plans to move all its customers to its new version in the coming years.</p>



<p>Salesforce testing in Lightning and Classic differ in difficulty. For instance, creating a test script on the classic version is more straightforward since the elements are more easily defined. Conversely, scripting on lightning is more challenging due to the dynamic paths of CSS and XPATHS.</p>



<h3 id="h-2-select-test-cases"><span id="2_Select_test_cases">2. Select test cases</span></h3>



<p>You must select the specific test cases to be executed during the testing process. It includes identifying the critical functionalities that need to be tested to ensure they are not affected by any new changes. Always test the core functionalities and the new feature updates.</p>



<h3 id="h-3-frequently-update-your-regression-suite"><span id="3_Frequently_update_your_regression_suite">3. Frequently update your regression suite</span></h3>



<p>As the code changes, the test cases will change too. Keeping your regression tests up to date is part of the process.</p>



<p>When new functionalities are added to your Salesforce application, you need to add them to your regression suite as well. It will help to ensure that all functionalities are tested thoroughly during the testing process.</p>



<p>Since testers will have to edit the test cases frequently, it is best to choose an automation test tool that lets you edit or update tests easily.</p>



<h3 id="h-4-define-testing-frequency"><span id="4_Define_testing_frequency">4. Define testing frequency</span></h3>



<p>You need to decide how often you will run regression tests. It depends on the frequency of changes to your Salesforce application. Typically, QAs perform  testing whenever new functionality, feature, or element is added to the system.</p>



<p>Since testers have to perform this testing frequently, manual salesforce regression testing could be challenging and time-consuming. That is why automation is a perfect choice. Also, automated regression tests save time and effort. Testers can easily identify bugs in the system, and developers can quickly work on fixing them.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-to-look-for-in-a-salesforce-regression-testing-tool"><span id="What_to_Look_For_in_a_Salesforce_Regression_Testing_Tool"><strong>What to Look For in a Salesforce Regression Testing Tool?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Although the requirements of each organization may vary, there are certain factors that are essential to consider when selecting a testing tool in order to optimize the effectiveness of your testing approach, such as,</p>



<ul><li>Full cross-technology support</li><li>Easy to use</li><li>Highly scalable</li><li>Third-party integration</li><li>Supports different types of testing</li></ul>



<p>Let&#8217;s discuss this in detail below and the ideal tool for Salesforce testing that best fits your organization.</p>



<h3 id="h-full-cross-technology-support"><span id="Full_cross-technology_support">Full cross-technology support</span></h3>



<p>Does the tool provide comprehensive support for the technologies the Salesforce application interacts with? The automation tool should work seamlessly across all operating systems and platforms that are needed for Salesforce to work.</p>



<h3 id="h-easy-to-use"><span id="Easy_to_use">Easy to use</span></h3>



<p>Easy-to-use, simple, easy-to-learn, and low maintenance are the capabilities you should look for before investing in an automation testing tool. Also, using low-code automation tools makes automation easy and accessible for a large group of people because it requires low to no coding skills.</p>



<h3 id="h-highly-scalable"><span id="Highly_scalable">Highly scalable</span></h3>



<p>As the regression test suite keeps growing, it is best advised to use a tool that can automate all such tests, providing more ROI. This way, you will not have to invest in multiple automation tools to manage your regression suite.</p>



<h3 id="h-third-party-integration"><span id="Third-party_integration">Third-party integration</span></h3>



<p>A tool that integrates easily with your existing tools and supports third-party integrations is preferred.</p>



<h3 id="h-supports-different-types-of-testing"><span id="Supports_different_types_of_testing">Supports different types of testing</span></h3>



<p>What if you can perform all your Salesforce testing in one place? Pick a tool that supports various types of testing, such as end-to-end testing, regression testing, visual testing, and API testing, in the same place.</p>



<p>Check here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/tools/salesforce-automation-testing-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salesforce Automation Testing Tools</a></p>



<h2 id="testsigma-for-automating-salesforce-regression-testing"><span id="Testsigma_for_Automating_Salesforce_Regression_Testing"><strong>Testsigma for Automating Salesforce Regression Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p>Testsigma is a cloud-based low-code GenAI-powered test automation platform that allows you to automate Salesforce testing without requiring coding expertise. You can perform Salesforce regression testing across multiple environments &#8211; Salesforce Developer Sandbox &#8211; Developer Pro, Partial Copy, and Full sandbox.&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-salesforce-testing">Sign up for free to automate Salesforce tests in minutes</a></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdJyTW9HAitwSv9QvBPU-lOqcFQn1JofO4YBwBEUjLCelWkXLv7anlOu31E84LBJaC5qGhf0x6C3K_bVn-LnXX1fTweyIe57LLT7lLUQ8J_EPFESmZU5927imEt0EDAFighy9lDFQ?key=Ab0tPLM0bVy4HqSVcCkCSCqt" alt="Automating Salesforce Regression Testing"/></figure>



<p>Key reasons why Testsigma can be a perfect testing platform to automate Salesforce regression testing,</p>



<p><strong>10x Faster test creation:</strong> Create Salesforce tests in plain English without writing code scripts.</p>



<p><strong>Zero setup: </strong>Create, execute, and maintain automated Salesforce tests on the cloud infrastructure.</p>



<p><strong>Simple interface: </strong>Provides a simple and user-friendly interface, making the platform easy to use for everyone.</p>



<p><strong>GenAI-powered testing:</strong> Get automated test case and test scenario suggestions within seconds by interacting with Copilot using prompts, a GenAI test assistant for QA teams.</p>



<p><strong>Faster regression testing: </strong>Edit your test cases whenever a code changes and quickly rerun them to check if the code is intact and doesn&#8217;t affect existing functionality.</p>



<p><strong>Parallel testing:</strong> Run multiple SFDC tests across different environments simultaneously to reduce execution time.</p>



<p><strong>AI-powered auto-healing:</strong> Reduce test maintenance with auto-healing test cases that prevent false test failures by remapping elements whenever a change occurs.</p>



<p><strong>Faster release cycles:</strong> You can integrate automated Salesforce tests with your existing CI/CD and DevOps pipeline and test continuously. This speeds up feedback on code and release cycles, thereby reducing time-to-market.<strong>AI-powered debugger: </strong>Get real-time and actionable test insights after every test run to identify bugs.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_7db2c29d66a951f5cbba1992f63e15fc_2000.png" alt="Salesforce Regression Testing - Testsigma" width="800" height="400"/></figure></div>



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<p class="title">Automate your Salesforce Regression Tests 10x Faster using Testsigma</p>
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<a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" class="cta-btn-v1" rel="noopener">Try for free</a>
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<h2 id="h-summary"><span id="Summary"><strong>Summary</strong></span></h2>



<p>Salesforce regression testing is an essential part of ensuring the quality and reliability of your Salesforce application. By automating the testing process, you can save time and effort while also improving the accuracy and coverage of your tests.</p>



<p>Also, by identifying and fixing issues early on, you can prevent bug-fixing costs and keep your business running smoothly. Automating your Salesforce regression testing process with Testsigma will help reduce the risk of bugs and ensure that your applications meet your business requirements.</p>



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