
<p>Did you know software errors cost the US economy an estimated $1.7 trillion annually? Or that software defects are responsible for 25% of total system failures? These statistics highlight the importance of software testing. The software testing life cycle encompasses activities executed during the testing phase. By following these six key testing phases, you can ensure that the final product is free from errors, glitches, and other issues that can hamper its performance.</p>



<p>The 6 phases of testing are Requirement analysis, Test planning, Test case development, Test environment setup, Test execution, and Test reporting. We will examine the best practices and techniques that can ensure the successful completion of each phase in detail and delve into each phase. By the end of this post, you will have a complete understanding of the key phases involved in software testing.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Frame-48095883.png" alt="Phases of Testing" class="wp-image-30354" width="800" height="500" /></figure></div>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#6_Key_Phases_of_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> 6 Key Phases of Testing </a><ul><li><a href="#1_Requirement_analysis"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.1</span> 1. Requirement analysis</a></li><li><a href="#2_Test_planning"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.2</span> 2. Test planning</a></li><li><a href="#3_Test_case_development"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.3</span> 3. Test case development</a></li><li><a href="#4_Test_environment_setup"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.4</span> 4. Test environment setup</a></li><li><a href="#5_Test_execution"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.5</span> 5. Test execution</a></li><li><a href="#6_Test_closure"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.6</span> 6. Test closure</a></li><li><a href="#Test_Automation_as_part_of_Phases_of_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.7</span> Test Automation as part of Phases of Testing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Phases_of_Testing_in_Agile_SDLC_Models"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Phases of Testing in Agile SDLC Models</a></li><li><a href="#Summary"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Summary</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_are_the_four_phases_of_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> What are the four phases of testing?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-6-key-phases-of-testing"><span id="6_Key_Phases_of_Testing"><strong>6 Key Phases of Testing </strong></span></h2>



<p>Here are the phases of software testing explained in detail.</p>



<h3 id="h-1-requirement-analysis"><span id="1_Requirement_analysis"><strong>1. Requirement analysis</strong></span></h3>



<p>Requirement analysis involves identifying, analyzing, and documenting the requirements of a software system.</p>



<ul><li>During requirement analysis, the software testing team works closely with the stakeholders to gather information about the system&#8217;s functionality, performance, and usability.</li><li>The requirements document serves as a blueprint for the software development team, guiding them in creating the software system.</li><li>It also serves as a reference point for the testing team, helping them design and execute effective test cases to ensure the software meets the requirements.</li></ul>



<p>In summary, by conducting thorough requirement analysis, software testing teams can help ensure the software system&#8217;s success and user satisfaction.</p>



<h3 id="h-2-test-planning"><span id="2_Test_planning"><strong>2. Test planning</strong></span></h3>



<p>During the test planning phase, the team develops a complete plan outlining each testing process step, including identifying requirements, determining the target audience, selecting appropriate testing tools and methods, defining roles and responsibilities, and defining timelines. This phase aims to ensure that all necessary resources are in place and everyone on the team understands their roles and responsibilities. A well-designed test plan minimizes risks by ensuring that potential defects are identified early in the development cycle when they are easier to fix. Also, adhering to the plan throughout the testing process fosters thoroughness and consistency in testing efforts which can save time and cost down the line.</p>



<h3 id="h-3-test-case-development"><span id="3_Test_case_development"><strong>3. Test case development</strong></span></h3>



<p>During the test case development phase, the team thoroughly tests the software and considers all possible scenarios.</p>



<p>This phase involves multiple steps, including test design, test case creation, and test case review:</p>



<ul><li>Test design involves identifying the test scenarios and defining the steps to be followed during testing.</li><li>Writing test cases for each identified scenario, including input data, expected output, and the steps to be followed, involves creating test cases.</li><li>Test case review involves reviewing the test cases to ensure they are complete and cover all possible scenarios.</li></ul>



<p>Also, this is the phase when the involvement of test automation can be started. You can select the test cases for test automation here. And, if automation is already a part of the STLC, and the product is suitable for testing, then the test case automation can be started too.</p>



<h3 id="h-4-test-environment-setup"><span id="4_Test_environment_setup"><strong>4. Test environment setup</strong></span></h3>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test environment</a> setup in software testing life refers to creating an environment that simulates the production system where the software application is deployed. A person can ensure efficient and effective testing activities by designing the test environment correctly.</p>



<p>The setup includes</p>



<ul><li>hardware,</li><li>software,</li><li>networks, and</li><li>databases.</li></ul>



<p>When setting up test environments, we consider network bandwidth, server capabilities, and storage capacity. A properly set-up test environment aims to replicate real-world scenarios to identify potential issues before deployment in production systems. Testers can perform functional, performance, or load testing during this phase. Automating your Test environment setup can make your work easier. You can set up automated tests to run on the configured setups here.</p>



<h3 id="h-5-test-execution"><span id="5_Test_execution"><strong>5. Test execution</strong></span></h3>



<p>Test execution refers to the software testing life cycle phase where created test cases are executed on the actual system being tested. At this stage, testers verify whether features, functions, and requirements prescribed in earlier phases perform as expected. The test execution also involves the execution of automated test cases.</p>



<h3 id="h-6-test-closure"><span id="6_Test_closure"><strong>6. Test closure</strong></span></h3>



<p>Test closure is integral to the STLC and includes completing all planned testing activities. It includes</p>



<ul><li>reviewing and analyzing test results,</li><li>reporting defects,</li><li>identifying achieved or failed test objectives,</li><li>assessing test coverage, and</li><li>evaluating exit criteria.</li></ul>



<p>For example, in agile methodology, test closure occurs at the end of each sprint as a formal review meeting with essential stakeholders. The team aims to validate that they have adequately tested all the functionality before release. They generate closure reports detailing the overall product quality and bug statistics, leading to the project&#8217;s successful conclusion.</p>



<p>Effective test closure signifies that the software product is ready for delivery and can move towards launch after addressing all identified defects and weaknesses, ensuring flawless functioning and a positive user experience.</p>



<p>When discussing test automation, the effective generation of test reports and integration with other tools in the test process also plays a big role.</p>



<p>Check here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/system-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">System Testing</a></p>



<h3 id="h-test-automation-as-part-of-phases-of-testing"><span id="Test_Automation_as_part_of_Phases_of_Testing">Test Automation as part of Phases of Testing</span></h3>



<p>Thus, to succeed through the 6 phases of STLC,&nbsp;<a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test automation</a>&nbsp;becomes a part too. Some tools are built keeping all of these in mind.</p>



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<p>Tools make the steps easier by</p>



<p> 1. Making test creation easy </p>



<p>2. Enabling test environment setup </p>



<p>3. Quick test execution </p>



<p>4. Insightful test reporting. </p>



<p><strong>For example, <a href="https://testsigma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma</a>: </strong></p>



<p>1. It Makes test creation easy as it is a no-code test automation platform. Automating your tests is as easy as writing your sentences in simple English. Similarly, they are super easy to edit and maintain too. </p>



<p>2. Support for configuring the tests to run on the test environment of your choice. </p>



<p>3. Intuitive UI that enables you to create, configure and execute your tests in minutes. </p>



<p>4. Customizable test reporting; make it report according to your needs.</p>



<p><strong><em>A visual representation of creating a Test Plan with Testsigma is depicted below:</em></strong></p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://d37oebn0w9ir6a.cloudfront.net/account_36412/e2e-testing-scenario-gif_38fec3c4e754f34a36cdc165adf10c78.gif" alt="Testsigma - Testplan"><figcaption>PC<strong><em>:</em></strong><a href="https://testsigma.com/tutorials/test-plans/cross-platform-end-to-end-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a></figcaption></figure></div>



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<h2 id="h-phases-of-testing-in-agile-sdlc-models"><span id="Phases_of_Testing_in_Agile_SDLC_Models"><strong>Phases of Testing in Agile SDLC Models</strong></span></h2>



<p>Similarly, agile SDLC models also incorporate test phases to ensure the quality of the product being developed. The phases are based on the same principles, just are termed different: There are several key phases to consider when embarking on an agile testing life cycle.</p>



<ol><li>The first phase, Impact Assessment, involves gathering all necessary information from stakeholders to understand the project&#8217;s scope and requirements fully. From there, the Agile Testing Planning phase allows stakeholders to collaborate and schedule the testing process and deliverables.</li><li>The developed feature is thoroughly tested in the Release Readiness phase to ensure it meets client expectations before going live.</li><li>Daily Scrums are conducted to check testing progress and set goals for the next day.</li><li>Finally, the Test Agility Review phase involves meeting stakeholders to review progress against milestones.</li></ol>



<p>Agile testing can be conducted efficiently and effectively by following these key phases.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table aligncenter"><table><tbody><tr><td>Read More on <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/sdlc-vs-stlc/">SDLC vs STLC – Key Differences</a></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="h-summary"><span id="Summary"><strong>Summary</strong></span></h2>



<p>To identify defects and ensure they are fixed before the product is released, it is important to give equal importance to each phase of STLC. In this blog, we discussed the various phases of STLC and what they entail.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-four-phases-of-testing"><span id="What_are_the_four_phases_of_testing"><strong>What are the four phases of testing?</strong></span></h3>



<p>The Four-Phase Test Pattern is a widely used testing methodology that helps ensure the quality and reliability of software systems.</p>



<ol><li>The first phase, Setup, involves establishing the necessary preconditions for the test.</li><li>The second phase, Exercise, involves acting on the system under test.</li><li>Verify is the third phase, where the testers check whether the expected outcome has been achieved.</li><li>Finally, in the Cleanup phase, testers return the system under test to its initial state after completing all tests.</li></ol>


6 Key Phases of Testing in Software Testing Lifecycle

6 Key Phases of Testing in Software Testing

Test Efficiency How It Differs From Test Effectiveness

Test Efficiency: How It Differs From Test Effectiveness?

Xpath Vs CSS Selector : Key Differences


<p>Engineered with a focus on testing efficiency, our product team has introduced some really cool features this month. Let’s dive right in!</p>



<ol><li>Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for Advanced Text Extraction: The HTML canvas element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting. But during test automation of such DOM elements, users can neither rely on coordinates-based action nor on visual testing since it varies over screen sizes and does not assert any element inside the canvas image. With Testsigma&#8217;s <a href="https://testsigma.com/docs/addons/ocr-extraction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OCR-based text extraction </a>via add-ons, you can now extract content from inside the canvas tag. This powerful feature allows you to interact with any text/components inside the canvas image. <em>Read here </em>&#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/ocr-test/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OCR Test</a>.</li></ol>



<ol start="2"><li>Disable Test Cases in a Test Plan: To address the challenges faced when running known-to-fail test cases, Testsigma now allows users to <a href="https://testsigma.com/docs/test-management/test-plans/disable-test-cases-in-test-plans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">selectively disable test cases </a>within a test plan. By disabling these cases, you save valuable execution time and achieve a result decoupled from the known failures, ensuring efficient and accurate testing.</li></ol>



<ol start="3"><li>Support for Flutter Apps: Flutter is a crowd favorite for cross-platform app development, and Testsigma now supports recording and execution for apps built using the <a href="https://testsigma.com/tutorials/test-cases/mobile-apps/build-tests-using-recorder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flutter framework</a>. Seamlessly record and execute tests on your Flutter mobile apps, enabling comprehensive testing for both iOS and Android platforms.</li></ol>



<ol start="4"><li>Support for Shadow DOM Element Capturing and Execution: With <a href="https://testsigma.com/docs/elements/web-apps/shadow-dom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shadow DOM</a>, hidden DOM trees can be attached to elements in the regular DOM tree, which allows for isolated testing of specific HTML document sections. Testsigma&#8217;s latest release introduces support for capturing and executing test cases on Shadow DOM elements.</li></ol>



<ol start="5"><li>Mailbox Functions for URL Extraction and Verification: This new mailbox function lets you extract and verify URLs from emails. Whether you need to extract and click on specific URLs or validate email URLs, Testsigma provides flexible options such as text matching, partial URL matching, and regular expressions.</li></ol>



<p>With these new feature updates, we’re continuing to make test automation a breeze.</p>



<p>If you’re not already a Testsigma user,</p>



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<p>If you’d like to see the difference that hassle-free automation can make to your release cycles, <a href="https://testsigma.com/request-demo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">let us know</a>.</p>


May ’23 feature spotlight The latest on Testsigma

May ’23 feature spotlight: The latest on Testsigma


<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Introduction"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> Introduction:</a></li><li><a href="#Set_Clear_Goals_and_Expectations"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Set Clear Goals and Expectations:</a><ul><li><a href="#Goalnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.1</span> Goal:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Expectationsnbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.2</span> Expectations:&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Foster_a_Culture_of_Collaboration"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.3</span> Foster a Culture of Collaboration:</a></li><li><a href="#Invest_in_Continuous_Learning_and_Development"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.4</span> Invest in Continuous Learning and Development:</a></li><li><a href="#Empower_Your_Team"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.5</span> Empower Your Team:</a></li><li><a href="#Promote_Quality_Advocacy"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.6</span> Promote Quality Advocacy:</a></li><li><a href="#Implement_Effective_Processes_and_Tools"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.7</span> Implement Effective Processes and Tools:</a></li><li><a href="#Lead_by_Example"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.8</span> Lead by Example:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Conclusion:</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-introduction"><span id="Introduction">Introduction:</span></h2>



<p>As the Head of Quality Assurance (QA), you have a crucial role in ensuring the success of your team. Effective leadership can significantly impact the productivity, efficiency, and morale of your QA team. Leading a QA team to success requires more than just technical expertise in quality assurance. It entails effective leadership, strong communication, and the ability to inspire and empower your team members.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As a QA leader, you play a vital role in ensuring the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/software-quality-assurance-plan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quality of software products</a> and driving the team towards excellence. </p>



<p>In this article, we will explore key strategies and best practices that will help you lead your QA team to success. From setting clear goals and fostering a collaborative environment to promoting continuous learning and embracing innovation, we will cover various aspects that contribute to the success of your QA team. So, let&#8217;s delve into the world of QA leadership and discover how you can guide your team to achieve outstanding results in the realm of software quality.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-set-clear-goals-and-expectations"><span id="Set_Clear_Goals_and_Expectations">Set Clear Goals and Expectations:</span></h2>



<p>A successful QA team needs a clear sense of direction. As the leader, it is your responsibility to define and communicate clear goals and expectations to your team. Establish measurable targets, such as defect reduction rates, test coverage, and customer satisfaction metrics. Ensure that your team understands these objectives and their role in achieving them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following example can help you understand how setting up clear goals help in achieving success.</p>



<h3 id="h-goal"><span id="Goalnbsp"><strong>Goal:</strong>&nbsp;</span></h3>



<p>Ensure a high-quality and user-friendly e-commerce platform launch within the specified timeline.</p>



<h3 id="h-expectations"><span id="Expectationsnbsp"><strong>Expectations:&nbsp;</strong></span></h3>



<ul><li><strong><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-coverage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test Coverage</a></strong>: Clearly define the areas of the e-commerce platform that need to be thoroughly tested. This includes functionality, performance, security, and usability. Communicate the expected test coverage to your team, specifying the critical features that must be tested extensively.</li><li><strong>Defect Management</strong>: Set expectations regarding defect management. Define the severity levels and prioritize critical issues that need immediate attention. Clearly communicate the bug reporting process, including the required information in bug reports and the expected response time for addressing issues.</li><li><strong>Test Execution</strong>: Establish expectations for test execution, including the test schedule, test environments, and test data requirements.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Test Documentation</strong>: Set guidelines for test documentation, such as test cases, test scripts, and test results reporting.</li><li><strong>Collaboration with Development Team</strong>: Emphasize the importance of collaboration between the QA and development teams. Clearly communicate the expectations for bug triaging, bug fixing timelines, and effective communication channels between the two teams.</li><li><strong>Timelines and Milestones</strong>: Set clear timelines and milestones for the testing phases, including test planning, test execution, and test closure. Clearly communicate the deadlines and deliverables expected from the QA team at each stage.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-foster-a-culture-of-collaboration"><span id="Foster_a_Culture_of_Collaboration"><strong>Foster a Culture of Collaboration:</strong></span></h3>



<p>Collaboration is essential for a high-performing QA team. Encourage open communication, idea-sharing, and teamwork among your team members. Promote a supportive and inclusive environment where everyone feels comfortable expressing their opinions and contributing to the team&#8217;s success. Encourage cross-functional collaboration with other teams, such as development and product management, to foster a shared responsibility for quality.</p>



<h3 id="h-invest-in-continuous-learning-and-development"><span id="Invest_in_Continuous_Learning_and_Development"><strong>Invest in Continuous Learning and Development:</strong></span></h3>



<p>The world of software testing and quality assurance is constantly evolving. Encourage your team members to stay updated with the latest industry trends, tools, and best practices. Provide opportunities for professional development, such as&nbsp;</p>



<ul><li>Training programs</li><li>Workshops</li><li>Certifications. Foster a culture of continuous learning and improvement, where team members can enhance their skills and grow both personally and professionally.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-empower-your-team"><span id="Empower_Your_Team"><strong>Empower Your Team:</strong></span></h3>



<p>To achieve success, empower your team members to make decisions and take ownership of their work. Provide them with the autonomy and authority to execute their tasks effectively. Encourage innovation and creativity in problem-solving. When team members feel trusted and empowered, they become more engaged and motivated to excel in their roles.</p>



<h3 id="h-promote-quality-advocacy"><span id="Promote_Quality_Advocacy"><strong>Promote Quality Advocacy:</strong></span></h3>



<p>As the head of QA, it is crucial to instill a strong sense of quality advocacy within your team. Quality should be everyone&#8217;s responsibility, from developers to testers. Encourage proactive quality assurance practices, such as early involvement in the development process, promoting test-driven development, and conducting thorough code reviews. Emphasize the importance of preventing defects rather than just finding them, fostering a proactive and preventive approach to quality.</p>



<h3 id="h-implement-effective-processes-and-tools"><span id="Implement_Effective_Processes_and_Tools"><strong>Implement Effective Processes and Tools:</strong></span></h3>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:15px">Efficient processes and reliable tools are the backbone of a successful QA team. Evaluate your team&#8217;s current processes and identify areas for improvement. Implement streamlined workflows, standardized testing methodologies, and effective test management practices. Explore and adopt suitable testing tools and technologies that can enhance productivity and efficiency. Regularly review and refine these processes to ensure continuous improvement.</p></p>



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    margin: auto;"><a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Automate your tests for web, mobile, desktop applications and APIs, 10x faster, with Testsigma</a></button></p>



<br><h3 id="h-lead-by-example"><span id="Lead_by_Example"><strong>Lead by Example:</strong></span></h3>



<p>As a leader, your actions speak louder than words. Lead by example and embody the qualities you expect from your team. Demonstrate a strong work ethic, integrity, and a commitment to quality. Be approachable, supportive, and empathetic towards your team members. Celebrate their achievements and recognize their contributions. A positive and inspiring leader can motivate the team to go above and beyond.</p>



<h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion">Conclusion:</span></h2>



<p>Leading a QA team to success requires a combination of effective leadership skills, a supportive work environment, and a focus on continuous improvement. By setting clear goals, fostering collaboration, investing in learning and development, empowering team members, promoting quality advocacy, implementing efficient processes, and leading by example, you can guide your team towards achieving exceptional results. Remember, success is not just about delivering defect-free software; it&#8217;s about building a resilient, proactive, and high-performing team that consistently delivers value and exceeds expectations.</p>


Leading Your QA Team to Success: Insights from a Head of QA


<p>Appium is a well-known mobile automation tool for automating native, hybrid, mobile web, and desktop apps. The appium community has come up with a major release in recent years, appium 2.0.0, and has made some considerable changes in making appium a platform where drivers and plugins can coexist independently.</p>



<p><em>In this blog, we will see how we can create an executable file for the appium server.&nbsp;</em></p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_are_executable_files"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What are executable files?</a><ul><li><a href="#Why_do_we_need_executable_files_for_the_appium_server"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">1.1</span> Why do we need executable files for the appium server?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Installing_Appium_2nbsp"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Installing Appium 2:&nbsp;</a><ul><li><ul><li><a href="#Operating_System"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">2.0.1</span> Operating System:</a></li><li><a href="#Pre-requisite"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">2.0.2</span> Pre-requisite:</a></li><li><a href="#Installation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">2.0.3</span> Installation:</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Starting_Appium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Starting Appium:</a><ul><li><a href="#Installing_Drivers"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.1</span> Installing Drivers:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Starting_Appium_via_exec_file"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Starting Appium via exec file:</a><ul><li><a href="#Pre-requisite-2"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> Pre-requisite:</a><ul><li><a href="#Pkg"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">4.1.1</span> Pkg:</a></li><li><a href="#Installing_Pkg"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">4.1.2</span> Installing Pkg:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Steps_to_create_an_executable_file"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> Steps to create an executable file:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Conclusion:</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-are-executable-files"><span id="What_are_executable_files">What are executable files?</span></h2>



<ul><li>Executable files contain a set of encoded instructions, which execute sequentially once the user clicks on them.</li><li>Executable files are available in all operating systems but with extensions pertaining to that OS. While .exe is the Windows extension for executable files, the macOs executable file does not have any extension.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-why-do-we-need-executable-files-for-the-appium-server"><span id="Why_do_we_need_executable_files_for_the_appium_server">Why do we need executable files for the appium server?</span></h3>



<p>The <a href="https://github.com/appium/appium-desktop" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">appium desktop</a>, which is basically a GUI for the appium server was used to start/stop the server in appium 1.x. Moreover, the node runtime comes bundled with Appium Desktop which allowed users to use appium without having to install npm or node. But it is no longer compatible with appium 2.0+. And to overcome this, creating an executable file for the appium server is one of the easiest solutions. Apart from this, below are the benefits of having an executable file for the appium server:</p>



<p><strong><em>Easy distribution:</em></strong></p>



<ul><li>Users do not have to worry about having node or npm as a pre-requisite to install appium.&nbsp;</li><li>Once the executable file is built, the same can be used to start the appium on any machine and on any operating system.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<p><strong><em>Easy to start the server:&nbsp;</em></strong></p>



<ul><li>Appium server can be started with just a click on the executable file.&nbsp;</li><li>No need to run commands from the terminal to start the appium server.</li></ul>



<p><strong><em>Easy to deploy:</em></strong></p>



<ul><li>Allows easy deployment on target machines i.e., if you want to install appium on any cloud server, you can simply deploy the exec file.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-installing-appium-2"><span id="Installing_Appium_2nbsp">Installing Appium 2:&nbsp;</span></h2>



<h4 id="h-operating-system"><span id="Operating_System">Operating System:</span></h4>



<ul><li>Mac os</li></ul>



<h4 id="h-pre-requisite"><span id="Pre-requisite">Pre-requisite:</span></h4>



<ul><li>We are going to use the node package manager to install appium, so make sure you have the node set up on your machine. If you do not have the node, please download it from the below link:<ul><li><a href="https://nodejs.org/en/download" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">https://nodejs.org/en/download</a></li></ul></li><li>I am using node version 16.20.0.</li></ul>



<h4 id="h-installation"><span id="Installation">Installation:</span></h4>



<ul><li>To install appium 2, please use the below command:<ul><li>npm i -g appium@next</li></ul></li></ul>



<h2 id="h-starting-appium"><span id="Starting_Appium">Starting Appium:</span></h2>



<ul><li>Once appium is installed, you can start the server by mentioning “appium” in the terminal.&nbsp;</li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="245" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-112.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29808"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>As I mentioned before, with appium version 2, we need to install the drivers separately. However, this was not the case with appium 1, i.e.<em> </em><em>When we installed Appium 1. x, all available drivers would be installed at the same time as the main Appium server. This is no longer the case.</em></li></ul>



<h3 id="h-installing-drivers"><span id="Installing_Drivers">Installing Drivers:</span></h3>



<ul><li>To find the list of available drivers, use the following command.&nbsp;<ul><li>appium driver list</li></ul></li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="990" height="316" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-111.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29806"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>To install a specific driver, use the following command.<ul><li>appium driver install &lt;drivername&gt;&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1298" height="172" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-109.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29802"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>Now, when you start appium, it starts the server along with the installed drivers.&nbsp;</li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="292" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-110.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29804"/></figure>



<br><p><em>Note: </em><em>By default, appium creates a hidden directory called </em><em>.appium</em><em> inside your user home directory. This will be the location of all the appium drivers that we install. In my case, it would be: “/Users/vikramramalingam/.appium”.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-starting-appium-via-exec-file"><span id="Starting_Appium_via_exec_file">Starting Appium via exec file:</span></h2>



<p>In order to create an executable file for the appium server, we need a command line interface called “<a href="https://github.com/vercel/pkg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">pkg</a>”.</p>



<h3 id="h-pre-requisite-1"><span id="Pre-requisite-2">Pre-requisite:</span></h3>



<h4 id="h-pkg"><span id="Pkg">Pkg:</span></h4>



<ul><li>A node.js package that can convert your Node.js app into executable files.</li><li>Another advantage of using pkg is, it creates executable files for several target machines at once.</li></ul>



<h4 id="h-installing-pkg"><span id="Installing_Pkg">Installing Pkg:</span></h4>



<ul><li>You can install pkg using the below command:<ul><li>npm install -g pkg</li></ul></li></ul>



<h3 id="h-steps-to-create-an-executable-file"><span id="Steps_to_create_an_executable_file">Steps to create an executable file:</span></h3>



<ul><li>Create a new node js project using the below command<ul><li>npm init</li></ul></li><li>Add appium and pkg as a dependency<ul><li>npm install &#8211;save appium@2.0.0-beta.71</li><li>npm install &#8211;save pkg@5.8.0</li></ul></li><li>Create an index.js file and add the below code, which will start the appium server:</li></ul>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><styled-code>
const {asyncify} = require('asyncbox');
const appium = require('appium');

if (require.main === module) {
  asyncify(appium.main);
}

module.exports = appium;
</styled-code></code></pre>



<ul><li>Pkg looks for an entry point to the application in the package.json file, so add bin and mention index.js.</li><li>Pkg has options such as targets, assets, and outputPath.<ul><li><strong>targets: </strong>Specify the format for which you want to build your output. For example, I am generating an exec file for node version:node16, Os: macOS, and Arch: arm64. If we don&#8217;t specify the target, Pkg generates an exec file for Windows, Linux, and macOS by default.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>assets: </strong>Asset is where we need to add all the required dependencies. For the appium server, we need to add the axios.cjs path as assets Apart from that I have also added files related to the sharp module, as I was getting errors for the same.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>output path: </strong>Path where the exec file should be placed.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>



<p>After doing the above, the package.json file should look like this:</p>



<styled-code>{

 &#8220;name&#8221;: &#8220;appium&#8221;,

 &#8220;version&#8221;: &#8220;1.0.0&#8221;,

 &#8220;description&#8221;: &#8220;Project to create exec file for appium&#8221;,

 &#8220;bin&#8221;: {

   &#8220;appium&#8221;: &#8220;./index.js&#8221;

 },

 &#8220;scripts&#8221;: {

   &#8220;start&#8221;: &#8220;node ./index.js&#8221;,

   &#8220;test&#8221;: &#8220;echo \&#8221;Error: no test specified\&#8221; &amp;&amp; exit 1&#8243;
},

 &#8220;license&#8221;: &#8220;ISC&#8221;,

 &#8220;dependencies&#8221;: {

   &#8220;appium&#8221;: &#8220;^2.0.0-beta.71&#8221;,

   &#8220;pkg&#8221;: &#8220;^5.8.0&#8221;

 },

 &#8220;pkg&#8221;: {

   &#8220;targets&#8221;: [
     &#8220;node16-macos-arm64&#8221;
   ],
   &#8220;assets&#8221;: [
&#8220;./node_modules/axios/dist/node/axios.cjs&#8221;,&#8221;./node_modules/sharp/build/**&#8221;,&#8221;./node_modules/sharp/vendor/**&#8221;
],
   &#8220;outputPath&#8221;: &#8220;dist&#8221;

 }

}</styled-code>



<br><ul><li>Then give the below command to create an exec file for the appium server<ul><li>pkg package.json</li></ul></li><li>You can ignore the warnings on running the above command and once it is over, in the dist folder, you can find the appium server as an exec file. Double-click on it to start the server.</li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="269" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-113.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29810"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>One important thing to consider before packaging is that, when we try to start the server, appium by default fetches the npm version on the machine and checks if the npm version is compatible to start the server. Because of that, if you try to start the appium server using the exec file we have just created in a machine that does not have npm, it will throw the below error.&nbsp;</li></ul><br>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1294" height="162" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-114.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-29812"/></figure>



<br><ul><li>To overcome this problem, go inside the appium folder which is present inside the node_modules folder of the project’s working directory, and search for the below methods and comment them out. This will stop appium from looking for the npm version on the target machine.&nbsp;<ul><li>getNpmVersion()</li><li>checkNpmOk()</li></ul></li><li>After doing the above, run the command again to create an executable file, and this time, you will be able to start the server on machines that do not have npm.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<p>It took me some time to figure this out. And having written this article, I hope it will help you get through the process of creating an executable file for the appium server with ease.</p>



<p>All said and done, I would also like to tell you about a <a href="https://testsigma.com/low-code-test-automation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low-code test automation platform</a> for web, mobile, APIs, and desktop applications &#8211; Testsigma.&nbsp; I, along with my team, at Testsigma, am working on some interesting innovations in the field of test automation and would definitely like you to check it out here: <a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://testsigma.com/signup</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion">Conclusion:</span></h2>



<p>Creating an executable file for the appium server not only helps you with starting/stopping the server but also with easy installation and distribution.</p>



<p>Happy Testing!!</p>


Creating an executable file for Appium Server

Test Case Template For Enhanced Software Quality

Difference Between Agile and Waterfall Methodologies

Agile VS Waterfall: Difference Between Methodologies

Alpha Testing 101 Everything You Need to Know

Alpha Testing : What it is, Why ,Process & When to Automate?

What is Pilot testing in Software Testing

Pilot Testing in Software Testing


<p>Welcome, Fellow Software buffs! Have you ever wondered how to convert those vexing user stories into valuable and efficient test cases? Look no further! since we&#8217;ll dive into the fascinating field of user stories in testing today! When following agile methodology for software development, user stories will be the basis for your work.</p>



<p>That&#8217;s where we come in; with our helpful guide, you&#8217;ll learn how to wrangle those user stories into test cases, making your testing process easier and less stressful. We&#8217;ll go through everything from the fundamentals of user stories to the finer points of writing test cases to guarantee your program functions smoothly.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s get started!</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_a_User_Story"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is a User Story?</a></li><li><a href="#Characteristics_of_a_user_story"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Characteristics of a user story</a></li><li><a href="#Examples_of_User_Stories_in_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Examples of User Stories in Testing</a><ul><li><a href="#User_Story_1"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.1</span> User Story 1:</a></li><li><a href="#User_Story_2"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.2</span> User Story 2:</a></li><li><a href="#User_Story_3"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.3</span> User Story 3:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_User_Stories_in_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Benefits of User Stories in Testing</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Convert_User_Stories_Into_Test_Cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> How to Convert User Stories Into Test Cases?</a><ul><li><a href="#Identify_the_scenarios"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Identify the scenarios:</a></li><li><a href="#Define_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.2</span> Define the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#Write_the_test_steps"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.3</span> Write the test steps:</a></li><li><a href="#Add_relevant_screenshots"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.4</span> Add relevant screenshots:</a></li><li><a href="#Prioritize_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.5</span> Prioritize the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#Update_the_test_cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.6</span> Update the test cases:</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Make_This_Activity_Helpful_for_Test_Automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.7</span> How to Make This Activity Helpful for Test Automation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Question"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Frequently Asked Question</a><ul><li><a href="#Who_writes_user_stories"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.1</span> Who writes user stories?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_two_types_of_user_stories"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.2</span> What are the two types of user stories?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-a-user-story"><span id="What_is_a_User_Story"><strong>What is a User Story?</strong></span></h2>



<p>The user story is a term narrated extensively in the Agile software development context, but what exactly is it?</p>



<p>User story testing is a brief, concise explanation of a product or capability from the end user&#8217;s perspective. In an Agile process, a user story is a small workflow unit. It allows the development team to understand the user&#8217;s wants and needs and ensures that the program fits those demands. It is often used in software development.</p>



<p>User stories are typically written in a specific format;</p>



<ol><li>User</li><li>Functionality</li><li>Goal</li></ol>



<p>User stories are essential for directing the development process and ensuring the final product meets the consumer&#8217;s demands. As a <strong>User</strong>, I seek <strong>Functionality</strong> so that the <strong>Goal</strong> is structured. Examples include wanting to follow their purchase status online and knowing when to anticipate delivery. Testers must understand and turn user stories into appealing test cases to ensure the program functions as intended.</p>



<h2 id="h-characteristics-of-a-user-story"><span id="Characteristics_of_a_user_story"><strong>Characteristics of a user story</strong></span></h2>



<p>User stories are a great component for any development team, but there are several crucial characteristics to consider while designing them, mentioned below:</p>



<ul><li>A quick and concise explanation of a software feature or need.</li><li>Written from the standpoint of a user or stakeholder.</li><li>Features acceptance criteria for defining the feature&#8217;s expected behavior. It may be divided into smaller, more manageable chunks (epics, themes, or tasks).</li><li>Often written in “user, functionality, goal” &#8211; format, the development team and stakeholders reach a common understanding.</li><li>Priorities are assigned based on business value and influence on end-user experience.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-examples-of-user-stories-in-testing"><span id="Examples_of_User_Stories_in_Testing">Examples of User Stories in Testing</span></h2>



<p>Let&#8217;s look at some user story testing examples to understand better what they are:</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-1"><span id="User_Story_1">User Story 1:</span></h3>



<p>As a user on social media, I want to be able to modify my profile information, So that I can keep my expertise current.</p>



<p>By doing so, Users can easily alter their profile information to maintain their knowledge and personal details on the platform, focusing on their motivation and desired outcome.</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-2"><span id="User_Story_2">User Story 2:</span></h3>



<p>As an online shopper, I want to limit search results by price to select items within my budget.</p>



<p>This user story reflects online customers&#8217; needs to specify a price range when looking for items. This feature allows customers to filter search results by price, improving the browsing experience by allowing them to exclude goods outside of their specified price range.</p>



<h3 id="h-user-story-3"><span id="User_Story_3">User Story 3:</span></h3>



<p>As a fitness app user, I want to track my progress over time to see how I am progressing.</p>



<p>This user story highlights fitness app users&#8217; need to track their progress and performance over time. This option&nbsp;allows users to examine their fitness journey, such as steps done, calories burnt, distance travelled, or weight lifted, to assess their progress and make educated fitness decisions. With the growing demand for fitness apps, it&#8217;s important to choose a reliable and experienced <a href="https://onix-systems.com/sports-and-fitness-development-services" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fitness app development company</a> that can create a user-friendly and feature-rich app tailored to individual fitness goals.</p>



<h2 id="h-benefits-of-user-stories-in-testing"><span id="Benefits_of_User_Stories_in_Testing">Benefits of User Stories in Testing</span></h2>



<p>User stories offer a variety of benefits to software development teams:</p>



<ul><li>To clearly understand what the user wants helps developers create software that meets their needs.</li><li>Encourage collaboration between developers, testers, and stakeholders, leading to a better end product.</li><li>They can be easily prioritized, allowing teams to focus on the most important features first.</li><li>To help identify potential issues and challenges early on in the development process.</li><li>Promote a user-centered approach to software development, resulting in a more satisfying user experience.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-convert-user-stories-into-test-cases"><span id="How_to_Convert_User_Stories_Into_Test_Cases">How to Convert User Stories Into Test Cases?</span></h2>



<p>Once you have a solid understanding of user stories, the next step is to convert them into practical and effective test cases. Here&#8217;s an example that demonstrates how you can do it:</p>



<p><strong>User Story: </strong>I want to add products to my shopping basket on an e-commerce website to make a purchase.</p>



<h3 id="h-identify-the-scenarios"><span id="Identify_the_scenarios">Identify the scenarios:</span></h3>



<ul><li>Scenario 1: Adding one item to the shopping cart.</li><li>Scenario 2: Adding numerous items to the shopping cart.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-define-the-test-cases"><span id="Define_the_test_cases">Define the test cases:</span></h3>



<ul><li>In Test Case 1, Confirm that a single item may be added to the shopping basket.</li><li>Verify that a user may add numerous products to the shopping basket in Test Case 2.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-write-the-test-steps"><span id="Write_the_test_steps">Write the test steps:</span></h3>



<p><strong>Test Case 1:</strong></p>



<ol><li>Go to the product&#8217;s page.</li><li>For the chosen item, click the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; button.</li><li>Check that the item has been put to the shopping basket.</li></ol>



<p><strong>Test Case 2:</strong></p>



<ol><li>Go to the product&#8217;s page.</li><li>Select multiple items by selecting the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; buttons next to them.</li><li>Check that all selected goods have been put in the shopping basket.</li></ol>



<h3 id="h-add-relevant-screenshots"><span id="Add_relevant_screenshots">Add relevant screenshots:</span></h3>



<p>Include images of the product page, the &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221; button, and the updated shopping cart after the item(s) have been added.</p>



<h3 id="h-prioritize-the-test-cases"><span id="Prioritize_the_test_cases">Prioritize the test cases:</span></h3>



<p>Prioritize the situations depending on their relevance. </p>



<p><strong>Test Case 1</strong> is a priority since it covers the core operation of adding a single item to the shopping cart.</p>



<h3 id="h-update-the-test-cases"><span id="Update_the_test_cases">Update the test cases:</span></h3>



<p>Update the test cases as the user narrative matures or changes. For example, if the user narrative is changed to include the ability to remove products from the shopping cart, the test cases should be updated to incorporate the removal procedures.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-make-this-activity-helpful-for-test-automation"><span id="How_to_Make_This_Activity_Helpful_for_Test_Automation">How to Make This Activity Helpful for Test Automation</span></h3>



<p>To make the activity of turning user stories into test cases helpful for <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test automation</a>, there are several key considerations:</p>



<ol><li><strong>Selecting the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/10-points-to-help-you-choose-the-right-test-automation-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Right Test Automation Tool</a>:</strong> Select a test automation solution that is compatible with the needs of your project, such as Testsigma, which can automate test cases efficiently.</li><li><strong>Creating Automation-Friendly Test Steps:</strong> Focus on generating test procedures that can be easily converted into automated scripts while writing test cases, reducing difficult activities into manageable processes.</li><li><strong>Prioritizing Test Cases for Automation:</strong> You may choose which test cases should be automated first by assigning priority to them. Concentrating on high-priority test cases may optimize your automation efforts while ensuring key functionality is adequately evaluated.</li></ol>



<p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="display: block; margin: auto;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Start automating your user stories for web, mobile, API, and desktop applications, 10x faster, with Testsigma</a></button></p>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px">Testsigma is a no-code test automation tool that reduces human error, saves time, and offers scalability. With Testsigma, writing test cases is as easy as writing sentences in simple English; thus converting your user stories into efficient and effective test cases is easier. It reduces human error by conducting automated tests consistently and reliably, saves time by completing tests quickly, and offers scalability to meet the demands of a project.</p></p>



<br><h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>Finally, turning user stories into compelling test cases is essential in ensuring your program meets your users&#8217; needs. Thanks to our easy-to-use test automation platform, these stories can be easily turned into automated tests and executed quickly and efficiently with Testsigma.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-question"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Question"><strong>Frequently Asked Question</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-who-writes-user-stories"><span id="Who_writes_user_stories">Who writes user stories?</span></h3>



<p>User stories are often developed by product owners, business analysts, or other stakeholders who thoroughly understand the users&#8217; needs and expectations. The idea is to get everyone on the team on the same page about what the program needs to do and what features will be required to get there.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-two-types-of-user-stories"><span id="What_are_the_two_types_of_user_stories">What are the two types of user stories?</span></h3>



<p>The two types of user stories are functional and technical. Functional stories focus on the user and the value of the application software&#8217;s functioning, while technical stories are written to supplement functional stories. Technical stories are further subdivided into:</p>



<ul><li>infrastructure stories</li><li>refactoring stories</li><li>spike stories</li></ul>



<p>The technical stories require architecture and design research to meet the customer&#8217;s functional requirements.</p>


User Stories In Testing How To Convert it Into Test Cases

User Stories In Testing: How To Convert it Into Test Cases?


<p>The browser renders web pages as HTML documents, HTML documents contain a series of HTML elements such as &lt;body&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;title&gt; &lt;p&gt; etc. <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-web-application-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Automation Testing of web application</a>s requires components of the webpages to be identified uniquely to perform any action on that. Locators or Selectors are used to identify the web elements uniquely on the webpage. The Locators are a series of elements chained with the selector-specific syntaxes. However, every automation tool provides its own method to find element by XPath.Selectors can be broadly classified into,</p>



<ul><li>CSS selectors</li><li>XPath</li></ul>



<p>The XPath selector is the most commonly used selector and is supported by all major browsers and test automation tools.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Find_Element_by_XPath_in_Chrome"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> How to Find Element by XPath in Chrome</a></li><li><a href="#FindElement_by_XPath_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> FindElement by XPath in Selenium</a></li><li><a href="#FindElement_by_XPath_Detailed_Guide"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> FindElement by XPath Detailed Guide</a></li><li><a href="#Find_Elements_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Find Elements in Selenium</a><ul><li><a href="#Find_Elements_in_Selenium_Code_Example"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Find Elements in Selenium Code Example</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Using_FindElements_by_XPath_in_Selenium"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Using FindElement(s) by XPath in Selenium.</a><ul><li><ul><li><a href="#Create_a_web_driver_object"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.1</span> Create a web driver object</a></li><li><a href="#Navigate_to_webpage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.2</span> Navigate to webpage</a></li><li><a href="#Log_the_text_value_of_the_element"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_3">6.0.3</span> Log the text value of the element</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_XPath-2"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.1</span> What is XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_Absolute_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.2</span> What is Absolute XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_Relative_XPath"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.3</span> What is Relative XPath?</a></li><li><a href="#Which_locator_strategy_is_most_recommended"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.4</span> Which locator strategy is most recommended?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_find_the_XPath_Value"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.5</span> How to find the XPath Value?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_find_the_XPath_by_Text"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.6</span> How to find the XPath by Text?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-xpath"><span id="What_is_XPath">What is XPath?</span></h2>



<p>XPath stands for XML Path Language. It is an XML Path notation used for navigation throughout the HTML document of the page. It uses the XML-based syntax to find the HTML element on the webpage. XPath is also known as a query language. The XPath works for any complicated application. General Syntax for XPath is as follows.</p>



<styled-code>
//tagname[@attribute=&#8217;value&#8217;]
</styled-code>



<p>For example, you can construct XPath,</p>



<styled-code>
//div[@id=&#8217;myid&#8217;]
</styled-code>



<ul><li><strong>//: </strong>Selects the current node.</li><li><strong>Tag name:</strong> Name of the tag.</li><li><strong>@: </strong>Select the attribute.</li><li><strong>Attribute Name:</strong> Name of the attribute.</li><li><strong>Value:</strong> Value of the attribute.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-find-element-by-xpath-in-chrome"><span id="How_to_Find_Element_by_XPath_in_Chrome">How to Find Element by XPath in Chrome</span></h2>



<p>The XPath is supported by most modern browsers. Browsers like Chrome allow us to write the XPath in the developer tools and check the correctness. If your XPath is correct, then chrome highlights the specific web element in UI.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s discuss how to write the XPath in Chrome Browser,Let&#8217;s take the above-mentioned scenario of finding the XPath for &lt;ul&gt; that contains the list of product menu.</p>



<p>1. Navigate to the Webpage.</p>



<p>You can Navigate to any webpage you wish, for simplicity let&#8217;s navigate to https://testsigma.com/.</p><br><p style="padding-bottom:30px">2. Right Click on the desired element in our case its footer element and Click on Inspect.</p><br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_5997ce681e67d6d68124ccc91593895d_2000.png" alt="inspect" width="800" height="400"/></figure></div>



<p><p style="padding-top:30px">Ensure the Chrome DevTools opens with the Elements tab Activated.3. Use the Ctrl+F key to bring the Search Input into the dev tools4. Construct the XPath using the XPath rules.XPath follows certain syntaxes mentioned above; it may start with / or //, and you need to follow XPath syntax.</p></p>



<p>Now, you need to find the list of the footer links using XPath. You have a ul tag associated with li, which can be constructed as shown below.</p>



//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li<br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_e40eb4e5e17a32733f0a3bd5670a5ed3_2000.png" alt="find element by xpath" width="900" height="400"/></figure></div>



<p>For example, as you can see in the above screenshot. First &lt;li&gt; is highlighted and in the search box you can see there are 18 matches. There are 18 different links in the list.</p>



<p>You need to follow the same steps for other browsers also. As mentioned before, most of the modern browser supports XPath. You can also use Edge, Firefox, Chromium, or any similar browsers.</p>



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<h2 id="h-findelement-by-xpath-in-selenium"><span id="FindElement_by_XPath_in_Selenium">FindElement by XPath in Selenium</span></h2>



<p>The FindElement and FindElements are two different methods that help to find the element in the webpage, by using the locator strategies.</p>



<p><strong>FindElement in Selenium: </strong>The FindElement method returns the WebElement object which contains the <a href="https://www.freedomscientific.com/SurfsUp/Elements.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">element of the webpage</a>. It returns the Single element so it is more suitable when you are acting on a single web element. When you execute the FindElement() logic on the browser, it searches for the matches based on the locator Strategy. Returns you the first locator that matches.</p>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px"><strong>FindElements in Selenium: </strong>Unlike the FindElement method, the FindElements method returns multiple elements as a list (List&lt;WebElement&gt;) so it is more appropriate when you want to perform the operation on a series of web elements.</p></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Find Element</strong></td><td><strong>FindElements</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Returns the Single Element of Type WebElement</td><td>Returns the multiple web element of type List&lt;WebElement&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Returns First most web element if there are multiple matches</td><td>Returns the list of web elements</td></tr><tr><td>Cannot iterate over multiple elements</td><td>Helps to iterate over multiple elements and perform an action on them</td></tr><tr><td>If there is no Element NoSuchElementException is thrown</td><td>Returns the empty list if no matching element is found</td></tr><tr><td>Since there is only one element cannot access the element by index</td><td>If there are multiple elements we can access the element by using index. The index starts from 0, 0<sup>th</sup> index returns the first web element</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="h-findelement-by-xpath-detailed-guide"><span id="FindElement_by_XPath_Detailed_Guide">FindElement by XPath Detailed Guide</span></h2>



<p>The below example shows the usage of findElement using Java.</p>



WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.LocatorStrategy(&#8220;SelectorValue&#8221;));



<ul><li><strong>driver: </strong>the driver is an instance of Selenium Webdriver</li><li><strong>findElement: </strong>The Find Element method requires Locator Strategy as the parameter.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-find-elements-in-selenium"><span id="Find_Elements_in_Selenium">Find Elements in Selenium</span></h2>



<p>As the name indicates, the findElements returns multiple web elements as a List. This method fetches multiple elements at once and performs iterative operations on them.</p>



<h3 id="h-find-elements-in-selenium-code-example"><span id="Find_Elements_in_Selenium_Code_Example">Find Elements in Selenium Code Example</span></h3>



<p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; elementList = driver.findElements(By.LocatorStrategy(&#8220;Selector&#8221;));



<ul><li><strong>Driver:</strong> The driver is an instance of the Selenium Webdriver.</li><li><strong>FindElements: </strong>A method in selenium, requires the LocatorStrategy as parameters.</li><li>Returns the List containing the Web elements.</li></ul>



<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>



<p style="padding-bottom:30px">Let’s consider we have a list of footer links, and we wanted to fetch all the links at once and get the text. Then we can construct find elements by XPath like below,</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/image_f625f2a41d65e975591828b44197007e_2000.png" alt="footer links"/></figure>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; links = driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));



<h2 id="h-using-findelement-s-by-xpath-in-selenium"><span id="Using_FindElements_by_XPath_in_Selenium">Using FindElement(s) by XPath in Selenium.</span></h2>



<p>As mentioned above selenium provides the FindElement(s) method to fetch the locator from the webpage. You can use this method with the driver by passing the Locator strategy as a parameter.</p>



<p>Let&#8217;s understand it with a simple scenario.</p>



<ol><li>Navigate to Testsigma.</li><li>Find the footers in the footer section.</li><li>Log the Text of the footers.</li></ol>



<p>To write the above scenarios in Selenium we need to follow different steps. Let&#8217;s take a look one by one.</p>



<h4 id="h-create-a-web-driver-object"><span id="Create_a_web_driver_object">Create a web driver object</span></h4>



WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver()



<h4 id="h-navigate-to-webpage"><span id="Navigate_to_webpage">Navigate to webpage</span></h4>



driver.get(&#8220;https://testsigma.com/ &#8220;);



<p>Find the footer Element which is having the list of items.</p>



<p>As discussed in the Chrome XPath section, the ul and li holds the list of product menu items.</p>



<p>Let’s construct XPath for the same,</p>



XPath: //footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li



<p>Once you have the XPath, pass this XPath as a locator strategy for the Find Element by XPath method. Example:</p>



List&lt;WebElement&gt; elements =driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));



<h4 id="h-log-the-text-value-of-the-element"><span id="Log_the_text_value_of_the_element">Log the text value of the element</span></h4>



<p>To log the text value of the element, you need to iterate over each element and log it.</p>



<p>Putting everything together, below is a code example to find element by XPath.</p>



import java.util.List;<br>import org.junit.Test;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.By;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;<br>import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;<br>public class SeleniumXPath {<br>@Test<br>public void seleniumDemoTest() {<br>WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();<br>driver.get(&#8220;https://www.testsigma.com&#8221;);<br>driver.switchTo().frame(&#8220;iframeResult&#8221;);<br>List elements = driver.findElements(By.XPath(&#8220;//footer[@class=&#8217;footer sec_padding&#8217;]//div[@class=&#8217;footer_items&#8217;]/ul/li &#8220;));<br>for (WebElement element : elements) {<br>System.out.println(element.getText());<br>}<br>}<br>}



<p>The above example illustrates the Selenium Find Element by XPath. Similarly, you can use the Selenium findElement by ID.</p>



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<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions">Frequently Asked Questions</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-xpath-1"><span id="What_is_XPath-2">What is XPath?</span></h3>



<p>XPath is XSLT standard element. It can be used to navigate elements in XML or HTML DOM contents.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-absolute-xpath"><span id="What_is_Absolute_XPath">What is Absolute XPath?</span></h3>



<p>Absolute XPath is the least used XPath type; it starts from the root of the HTML DOM tree. Absolute XPath Starts with a single slash (/).</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-relative-xpath"><span id="What_is_Relative_XPath">What is Relative XPath?</span></h3>



<p>Relative XPath is the most used XPath type; it starts with a double slash (//).</p>



<h3 id="h-which-locator-strategy-is-most-recommended"><span id="Which_locator_strategy_is_most_recommended">Which locator strategy is most recommended?</span></h3>



<p>There are different types of locator strategies available in Selenium, such as ID, class, name, Link text, and XPath. However, various experts suggest using the XPath when there are no other locators available to use. One of the reasons is &#8211; typically, XPath is associated with more than one HTML elements, so any new functionality can break the existing XPath.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-find-the-xpath-value"><span id="How_to_find_the_XPath_Value">How to find the XPath Value?</span></h3>



<p>Any modern browser’s developer tools can help to find the XPath value; there are third-party plugins that can help you to find the XPath easily. However, the browser dev tools can help you in most of the scenarios.</p>



<h3 id="h-how-to-find-the-xpath-by-text"><span id="How_to_find_the_XPath_by_Text">How to find the XPath by Text?</span></h3>



<p>The XPath can also be constructed to find text in the DOM element. In such cases, you need to use the text() functions in the XPath.<strong>Example:</strong>//ul/li[text()=&#8217;banana&#8217;].</p>



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