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<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#Defining_Brain_fog">2 Defining Brain fog:</a></li><li><a href="#Identifying_the_Causes_of_Brain_Fog">3 Identifying the Causes of Brain Fog:</a></li><li><a href="#What_Causes_Brain_Fog_in_Software_Testers">4 What Causes Brain Fog in Software Testers?</a></li><li><a href="#Recommended_Strategies_to_Overcome_Brain_Fog">5 Recommended Strategies to Overcome Brain Fog</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion_Putting_it_all_Together">6 Conclusion: Putting it all Together</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-introduction">Introduction</h2>



Hello there,



Welcome to another interesting blog that discusses the current hardships that we face. The past few years have indeed been tough for all of us. We were all faced with several challenges, both professionally and personally. One of the primary causes for this was COVID-19. Following the epidemic, we are returning to normalcy. Most of us are still dealing with <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-post-covid-19-condition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">post-covid symptoms</a> like depression, anxiety, stress, and so on. You may or may not be aware of the implications. However, in order to live a calm existence, it is imperative that these issues be addressed.



In today&#8217;s article, we&#8217;ll look at brain fog and its impacts. Is this a brand-new term? Don&#8217;t be concerned! We&#8217;ve got you covered. Let us study and practice together.



Let&#8217;s study and use some of the finest strategies for overcoming brain fog.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-defining-brain-fog">Defining Brain fog:</h2>



The word &#8220;brain fog&#8221; refers to feelings of forgetfulness, bewilderment, and mental exhaustion. Brain fog is a prevalent occurrence that affects everyone, particularly in the post-COVID age. While brain fog is not a medical diagnosis, it is a genuine and distressing condition that can have an impact on your quality of life. When you have brain fog, it might be difficult to remember what you&#8217;ve learned, focus on your work, and think clearly. It can also make it difficult to think creatively or make decisions. In rare cases, brain fog might result in memory loss.



Brain fog can cause several symptoms, including:



&#8211; Being forgetful or unable to focus



&#8211; Being confused or disoriented&nbsp;



&#8211; Having difficulty performing activities&nbsp;



&#8211; Being mentally exhausted



 <h2 id="h-identifying-the-causes-of-brain-fog">Identifying the Causes of Brain Fog:</h2>



Brain fog is a prevalent problem that affects people of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. A multitude of reasons can contribute to it, including stress, lack of sleep, poor diet, dehydration, and hormone abnormalities.



<ul><li>Stress can overwhelm the brain, rendering it incapable of processing information properly.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<ul><li>Sleep deprivation can make it harder to concentrate and comprehend information.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<ul><li>Poor diet can lead to brain fog because the body needs certain nutrients to function properly.</li></ul>



<ul><li>Dehydration can cause disorientation and difficulties concentrating.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<ul><li>Hormonal imbalances might leave you feeling hazy and distracted.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<ul><li>Additionally, it can be caused by environmental factors like noise or light levels.&nbsp;</li></ul>



Identifying the origin of brain fog is critical for effective treatment. It is critical to monitor lifestyle factors such as stress, sleep, diet, and hydration.



<h2 id="h-what-causes-brain-fog-in-software-testers">What Causes Brain Fog in Software Testers?</h2>



Brain fog can be a debilitating condition for software testers, making it difficult to focus, remember facts, and recall details. It can be a source of frustration and cause of distress for testers, but there are ways to work through it. It is a state of confusion and difficulty to focus, which can make even the easiest of tasks seem difficult. As a software tester, it can be hard to complete tasks when brain fog is on the rise. By identifying the causes of brain fog, software testers can begin to move past it and shine brighter.&nbsp;



There are many possible causes of brain fog for software testers. It can be due to sleeplessness caused by project issues and timelines, improper work-life balance, same mundane project work, missing fun at work, etc. Whatever the cause, brain fog can make it difficult to think clearly and perform at your best.



<h2 id="h-recommended-strategies-to-overcome-brain-fog">Recommended Strategies to Overcome Brain Fog</h2>



We all suffer from brain fog at one time or another. As software testers, we are constantly finding bugs and checking for errors in code, a seemingly endless task. Also, we are gatekeepers of the project, which puts a lot of pressure on us. This can be draining and make it harder to stay focused and efficient. The first step in overcoming brain fog is to identify its source.



If you&#8217;re a software tester and you&#8217;re struggling with brain fog, there are a few things you can do to try and clear it up.



<ul><li>Take regular breaks: It is critical for software testers to take frequent breaks to renew their minds and avoid brain fog. During breaks, they are free to engage in whatever activity they find comforting, such as reading, listening to music, or creating anything really.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Delegate tasks: Software testers can feel overwhelmed by the amount of work they have to do and feel brain fog due to the amount of pressure they are under. So to avoid this, it is crucial to do a proper work delegation and understand when it&#8217;s necessary to let go of some work and let someone else do it.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Say &#8220;No&#8221;: As a software tester, it&#8217;s important to be a team player and be able to say &#8216;no.&#8217; You should be able to say &#8216;no&#8217; whenever you are overwhelmed by too much work. Please don&#8217;t wait for the threshold and burst on. Always keep an eye on how you feel and start saying no to any tasks that are not essential and adding to your workload.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Get adequate sleep: The vast majority of testers work long hours, which might lead to exhaustion. To avoid this, it is crucial to keep a regular sleeping pattern to ensure that your mind and body receive adequate rest. Every day, strive to get 8 hours of good sleep.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Organize the work and workstation: Staying organized helps you to keep track of tasks and deadlines and make sure that your work is progressing in the right direction. This will help to reduce confusion and make it easier for the tester to focus on the tasks at hand. Organizing doesn&#8217;t mean that you are supposed to complete all the tasks. It’s about prioritizing, deprioritizing, decluttering etc. This will give you clarity on what needs to be done when. Also, please keep your work environment neat and tidy. Organizing your workspace will help you to be more productive, and it will also help you to feel more relaxed and calm.&nbsp;</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Exercise regularly: Exercise not only keeps software testers physically healthy, but it also helps them clear their thoughts and focus more effectively. Regular physical activity also aids in the release of happy hormones, which can assist in boosting mood and maintaining the brain health. Start simple. Begin with walking for 30 minutes a day and gradually increase the amount of time and intensity.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Eat a balanced diet: One of the biggest causes of fatigue and brain fog is a poor diet. A healthy diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables is vital for maintaining energy levels throughout the day. <a href="https://carnivorestyle.com/carnivore-diet/meal-plans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plan your meal</a> in advance to ensure that you have a healthy, balanced meal.</li></ul>



<ul><li>Drink Plenty of Water: Dehydration can cause fatigue and disorientation, so drinking lots of water throughout the day can assist in keeping the mind clear and operating at peak performance.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Practice positive thinking: Positive thinking is a powerful technique that may help to reduce worries and anxiety. Every day, software testers should practice positive thinking by visualizing their goals, staying present, and thinking about the positives/good results.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Meditate: Meditation can assist the mind in being in the present moment, boosting attention and decreasing brain fog. The discipline of being attentive and present in the moment, focusing on the current experience, and letting thoughts and emotions pass without getting caught up in them, is known as mindful meditation. By clearing the thoughts of distractions and focusing on what is happening in the now, mindful meditation can help software testers stay focused and enthusiastic.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Make a routine and stick to it: Developing a routine and sticking to it until it becomes a habit will help ensure that your body and mind get the rest and relaxation they require.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Change up the Task: Doing the same task for an extended period of time can lead to boredom and exhaustion, therefore, switching tasks can assist in maintaining attention and prevent brain fog.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Make Time for Fun: Taking time to unwind and enjoy activities outside of work can assist in decreasing stress, improve mental clarity, and rejuvenate the mind.</li></ul> 



<ul><li>Spending time outside in nature: Getting out in nature for a few minutes might assist to clear the mind and make it easier to focus on the subject at hand.</li></ul>



If you&#8217;re still struggling, there are some cognitive-enhancing supplements that you can try. Of course, you need to consult the medical practitioner before that. And finally, if all else fails, you can always take a long break from work and come back to it when you&#8217;re feeling more clear-headed.



<h2 id="h-conclusion-putting-it-all-together">Conclusion: Putting it all Together</h2>



Brain fog can be an obstacle in the software testing profession. However, with the proper knowledge and strategies, it can be managed and even eliminated. We, as software testers, should be more open-minded and enthusiastic so that our brains can help in delivering the best quality products.&nbsp;



Finally, it is important to remember that brain fog affects everyone. It is natural to experience difficulty in focusing at times. By taking regular breaks, staying organized and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, software testers can overcome the effects of brain fog and continue to shine brighter.&nbsp;



You might want to read some more blogs by Pricilla Bilavendran:



<a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/software-test-engineer-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Is there a way for software test engineers to manage stress in this culture of hustle?</a>



<a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/a-testers-gambit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">A Tester’s Gambit</a>



<a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/how-to-be-an-open-minded-tester/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">How To Be An Open-Minded Tester?</a>

How Software Testers can overcome Brain Fog and Shine Brighter

A Guide to Handling a WebTable in Selenium

You are working on software. But how do you ensure your users will be able to use it? User acceptance testing may hold the answer for you. This blog post will cover everything from the basics of UAT to the User Acceptance Testing Checklist, and, most importantly, we will share some tips and tricks with you.



What is User Acceptance Testing?



User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is a form of testing where the end-user or client conducts the testing to evaluate whether the software system meets their requirements and is suitable for production.



During UAT, the team brings in real users to test the software in a real-world environment, essentially making it the final step in the testing process before releasing the product to the public.



This helps to identify any bugs or issues that may have been missed during previous testing phases. The goal is to ensure the product meets the user&#8217;s needs and expectations and functions adequately without major issues. 



So, in a nutshell, UAT helps to ensure that the software is ready for prime time! Read here more on <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/uat-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">User Acceptance Testing</a>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#User_Acceptance_Testing_UAT_Checklist">1 User Acceptance Testing (UAT) Checklist</a><ul><li><a href="#Initiating_the_User_Acceptance_Testing_project">1.1 Initiating the User Acceptance Testing project</a></li><li><a href="#Planning_the_User_Acceptance_Testing">1.2 Planning the User Acceptance Testing</a></li><li><a href="#User_Acceptance_Testing_Design">1.3 User Acceptance Testing Design</a></li><li><a href="#User_Acceptance_Testing_Execution">1.4 User Acceptance Testing Execution</a></li><li><a href="#User_Acceptance_Testing_Release_Decisions">1.5 User Acceptance Testing Release Decisions</a></li><li><a href="#Post-User_Acceptance_Testing_Actions">1.6 Post-User Acceptance Testing Actions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#User_Acceptance_Testing_Checklist_Example">2 User Acceptance Testing Checklist Example</a></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_Having_a_UAT_Checklist">3 Benefits of Having a UAT Checklist</a></li><li><a href="#Automate_your_Acceptance_Tests">4 Automate your Acceptance Tests</a></li><li><a href="#Summary">5 Summary</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">6 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_are_the_steps_in_UAT_testing">6.1 What are the steps in UAT testing?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_UAT_testing_in_agile">6.2 What is UAT testing in agile?</a></li><li><a href="#What_kind_of_testing_is_done_in_UAT">6.3 What kind of testing is done in UAT?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-user-acceptance-testing-uat-checklist">User Acceptance Testing (UAT) Checklist</h2>



Here is a checklist for User Acceptance Testing that includes some of the essential elements to consider while conducting UAT:



<h3 id="initiating-the-user-acceptance-testing-project">Initiating the User Acceptance Testing project</h3>



Initiating the User Acceptance Testing (UAT) project is a big deal.



First, involve all the essential peeps like developers, testers, project managers, and end users. Your test cases need to be super thorough and cover all possible scenarios.



Once your test cases are ready, review them by stakeholders to ensure they&#8217;re accurate and complete.



<h3 id="h-planning-the-user-acceptance-testing">Planning the User Acceptance Testing</h3>



Make a UAT plan with clear goals and tasks, like setting up the test environment, creating test cases, and deciding on a timeline. This plan will help guide the whole testing process.



<h3 id="h-user-acceptance-testing-design">User Acceptance Testing Design</h3>



Next, you must create test cases based on user stories or use cases from the requirements document.



<h3 id="h-user-acceptance-testing-execution">User Acceptance Testing Execution</h3>



The UAT Execution process involves testing the system or application by actual users to determine whether it meets their requirements and expectations. We analyze and evaluate the results and make necessary changes before the final release.



The UAT Execution process is essential in ensuring the product is user-friendly, meets the requirements, and satisfies the client&#8217;s needs.



<h3 id="h-user-acceptance-testing-release-decisions">User Acceptance Testing Release Decisions</h3>



Before releasing the software, the User Acceptance Testing (UAT) process must be completed. The team will examine the UAT results and make release decisions to ensure the software meets end-user requirements. They should evaluate feedback, identify issues or flaws, and remedy them before launching the software.



The successful completion of User Acceptance Testing (UAT) can indicate the software&#8217;s readiness for launch; however, it is essential to consider other elements, such as technical and financial viability. Making decisions based on data is imperative to guarantee that the software meets end-users&#8217; demands and achieves success within the market.



<h3 id="h-post-user-acceptance-testing-actions">Post-User Acceptance Testing Actions</h3>



Post-User Acceptance Testing Actions refer to the steps taken after successfully testing a software application. These actions involve analyzing the testing results, identifying any issues or bugs found, and fixing them before the final implementation of the software. Post-testing involves collecting and incorporating user feedback into the <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/uxui-how-improve-user-experience-software-development-rodriguez" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">software design to improve user experience</a>.



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<h2 id="user-acceptance-testing-checklist-example">User Acceptance Testing Checklist Example</h2>



For the User Acceptance Testing checklist example, let’s look at a test scenario of an e-commerce website. The objective is to ensure that the new features of the website work expectedly and meet user requirements. The test environment is staging.



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td>Test ID</td><td>Test Scenario</td><td>Test Steps</td><td>Expected Resuts</td><td>Actual Results</td><td>Pass/Fail</td><td>Comments</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>User registration</td><td>Navigate to the registration page.Fill out the registration form.Submit the form.</td><td>New user should be registered and redirected to the homepage</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>User login</td><td>Navigate to the login page.Enter valid credentials.Click the login button.</td><td>User should be logged in and taken to the dashboard.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Add to cart</td><td>Search for a product.Select the product.Click on &#8220;Add to Cart&#8221;.</td><td>Product(s) should be added to the shopping cart.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Order history</td><td>Navigate to the user account page.Click on &#8220;Order History”.</td><td>User should see a list of past orders.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Checkout process</td><td>Go to the shopping cart.Click on &#8220;Proceed to Checkout&#8221;.Fill out shipping and payment details.Submit the order.</td><td>Order should be placed successfully, and confirmation email sent.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Filter products by category</td><td>Navigate to the category page.Apply a category filter.</td><td>Products should be filtered according to the selected category.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="benefits-of-having-a-uat-checklist">Benefits of Having a UAT Checklist</h2>



Now, you have a checklist handy. All you have to do is put this checklist to good use. Below are the benefits you reap when using a checklist like this to the dot:



<ul><li>Consistency and efficiency come when you run tests in a sequence without missing any step.</li><li>Checklists allow testers to track which test cases have been executed, their outcomes, and any issues encountered.</li><li>You can record and refer to the results along with the comments to stay on top of any changes that might happen in the text scenario.</li><li>A checklist provides a structured approach to UAT testing.</li><li>It promotes communication and collaboration among team members.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-automate-your-acceptance-tests">Automate your Acceptance Tests</h2>



Once the needed changes are incorporated into the product, the next step is to automate the acceptance tests. For automating these tests, you need to choose the tool that would be right for you and would let you grow your<a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> test automation</a> suite further. 



Testsigma is a tool for automating acceptance tests and allows you to scale your test automation efforts when needed. Some features that make it ideal for the automation of acceptance tests are:



 i. It&#8217;s a no-code test automation tool; thus, writing your tests is like writing them in simple English. You don&#8217;t need to be an expert in coding here. 



ii. You begin your test automation in minutes. 



iii. Testsigma lets you automate your tests for web, mobile, desktop, and APIs from the same place. 



iv. The test cases are very easy to edit too. Testsigma is also available as open source and free. 



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<h2 id="h-summary">Summary</h2>



Ultimately, UAT is an essential step that ensures the product offered to the end-users is high quality, meets their expectations, and is accepted as a valuable addition to their work or lifestyle. A User Acceptance Testing checklist outlines all the steps and procedures to complete the UAT process successfully.



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-steps-in-uat-testing">What are the steps in UAT testing?</h3>



The steps in UAT typically involve



<ul><li>Identifying User Acceptance Criteria,</li><li>Crafting test cases or scripts,</li><li>Preparing testing data and environment,</li><li>Executing tests with real users/stakeholders</li><li>Reporting defects, and</li><li>Retesting until issues are resolved.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-what-is-uat-testing-in-agile">What is UAT testing in agile?</h3>



The process of UAT in agile will be similar to what is done in waterfall methodology, just that the same process will have to repeat every sprint. And here, advanced planning, preparation, and quick execution of UAT will be crucial.



<h3 id="h-what-kind-of-testing-is-done-in-uat">What kind of testing is done in UAT?</h3>



In UAT, various kinds of testing are performed to validate the functionality, usability, accessibility, compatibility, and performance of the system or application under real-life scenarios.



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User Acceptance Testing Checklist- 6 Essential Elements To Consider

User Acceptance Testing Checklist – 6 Factors to Consider

Test automation distinguishes itself by making a difference via reducing expenses, boosting productivity, and lowering error rates. No development team, I&#8217;m sure, will reject the efficiency that a solid automation suite can establish during a typical development process. The most significant of these traits is that test automation is a collaborative and time-consuming effort. Silo tests frequently fail to produce the desired outcomes, especially when many teams are working together to create impact.&nbsp;



In order to keep the machine running smoothly, collaboration is essential oil. This article focuses on the six crucial principles, software test automation teams should talk about before beginning to automate the tests &nbsp;Creating consensus and outlining common rules aids teams in creating and maintaining cleaner and efficient code.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-37.png" alt="6 test automation principles" class="wp-image-27469" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#1_System_statenbsp">1 1. System state&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#2_Authenticationnbsp">2 2. Authentication&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#3_Authorisationnbsp">3 3. Authorisation&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#4_Test_data_bed">4 4. Test data bed</a></li><li><a href="#5_Test_Layeringnbsp">5 5. Test Layering&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#6_Frequency_of_test_executionnbsp">6 6. Frequency of test execution&nbsp;</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-1-system-state">1. System state&nbsp;</h2>



While building the test automation suite, one important principle is “system state”. System state makes the foundational aspect and has direct influence on the success or failure of test suite. Considering the application design into the account teams have to consider the state in which the application presents better. Not to forget the costs involved in maintaining the environment. Test environments are set up in various ways&nbsp;



i. Long Living test environment &#8211; These are the test environments, once set up will continue to run except few maintenance shutdowns. Usually, enterprise applications are backed with such test environments due to the complexity of the business functions and speghetti system configuration. Most often we also see legacy applications running on long living test environments.&nbsp;



ii. Hybrid test environments &#8211; These are the test environments where part of the system configuration is up and running all the time, whereas some part can be triggered on-demand. These type of test environments are the most complex to work with due to the partial existence, not many teams prefer the system set up this way.&nbsp;



iii. On-demand Test environments&#8211; These are the test environments which can be set up anytime and dismantled after the use. Most often cloud applications harness this advantage.&nbsp;



In each of these test environment the behavior of test data, authroization, authentication and external integrations vary at various levels. Test teams have to&nbsp; take into application architecture into account before designing the E2E tests. While long living test environments are blessed with an advantage of maintaining and managing the system status, the On-demand environments have advantage of prestine test environment avoiding any stale test data.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-39.png" alt="test environments" class="wp-image-27473" width="600" height="400"/><figcaption>On-demand Test environments</figcaption></figure></div>



<h2 id="2-authentication">2. Authentication&nbsp;</h2>



The most fundamental test that any automation suite may have is user authentication into an application. However, the majority of applications operate behind cookies. When a user logs into an application, the application is supported by pertinent cookies to function around the user. The high level of personal experience that e-commerce websites want to deliver necessitates that these applications operate behind cookies.&nbsp;



There are 2 ways to distribute these cookies.&nbsp;



1. Create the appearance of a typical user action and log in to the application using the user credentials.&nbsp;



2. After starting the program, insert these cookies into the active browser session to acquire access to it before the window loads.&nbsp;



Before creating the test suits, test teams should agree on the execution strategy, especially in multi-scrum/scaled agile teams. Depending on how the system is accessed, various <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/software-testing-strategy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">testing strategies</a> are used. When tests are created to use embedded cookies, extra caution must be taken to check the cookies each time the session reloads; otherwise, the tests will continue to regularly fail.&nbsp;



According to the test requirements of the team, the test suite is frequently repeated and run in a variety of environments, including development, testing, staging, demo, and production. In these circumstances, the test suit unquestionably requires clarification regarding how authentication will be handled.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-38.png" alt="Authentication " class="wp-image-27471" width="600" height="400"/><figcaption>Authentication&nbsp;</figcaption></figure></div>



<h2 id="3-authorisation">3. Authorisation&nbsp;</h2>



One of the key concepts in any B2B or B2C application is access management. Authorization for user layers is a widely used notion in business solutions. Before developing the test automation suit, this is one of the most vital aspects that needs to be addressed. Concepts related to identity and access management should be handled as early in the phase as possible given they directly affect the test design.&nbsp;



Below are a few open questions to consider&nbsp;



Should you create several users with various levels of access? or alter the authorisations on the fly while running the test?&nbsp;



Should you create a new user each time the test is triggered? or can we have long living user credentials?&nbsp;



How do you prefer to compare modifications made by users with varying levels of authorisation?&nbsp;



What levels must be included in the process of test automation? Should we conduct vertical testing or handle each tier separately? What user combinations can never be generated?&nbsp;



Test data dependancy for user levels&nbsp;



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<h2 id="4-test-data-bed">4. Test data bed</h2>



Preparing the test bed before the test execution is very important. Most tests should be supported with relevant Test data for successful execution. Theoretically most data should be flexible and should be achieved through parameterization. However, in real world execution not all tests can be run on flexible protocol due to various parameters.&nbsp;



A shared understanding of the constants used for the test execution should be established. Test framework should also be supported with separate file with collection of hard data. Application URL, User credentials, search terms, forms etc are classic examples where we see hard data being seeded.&nbsp;



<h2 id="5-test-layering">5. Test Layering&nbsp;</h2>



Load a Frontend, perform an action wait for the operation to take place triggering changed UI state. Applying assertion on the changed UI state is what by and large is defined as test automation. Personally, I believe this is not how tests should be automated. By restricting the checks only to the old v/s new UI state you are barely scratching the surface of the test goal.&nbsp;



Establish a clear test design guideline for all CRUD operations performed and layers that needs to be verified to call it a successful tests. For example: When a user is prompted to fill the form and on click of save button the form details will be saved in backend DB. The tests should include the verification of the calls made to the backend, type of data transferred, checking the headers for security, verifying the response call, verifying the response schema and finally validating the data rendering on the UI makes a complete test flow for respective feature.&nbsp;



Let us not forget, achieving such test design needs good hold technically. Most often test teams lose their track over a period of time when new team members join and automation is handed over with less care.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-40.png" alt="Test Layering " class="wp-image-27475" width="600" height="400"/><figcaption>Performance Checks</figcaption></figure></div>



<h2 id="6-frequency-of-test-execution">6. Frequency of test execution&nbsp;</h2>



&nbsp;A team of active developers generate more PRs in a day compared to conservative development team. The main goal behind <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automating tests</a> is to free up test engineers time for more critical tasks and also to achieve flexibility in executing the tests wherever required without having to worry about environments where the tests are triggered.&nbsp;



A team with higher PR traffic cannot afford to wait until all tests get executed to receive the early feedback. As this becomes the bottleneck in the <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/devops/what-cicd-pipeline" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CI pipeline</a> as agents get busy building the code for a long. Thus, as a team, the last principle of software test automation is to decide on the type and frequency of tests to be performed during the code build, during the nightly executions etc.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-41.png" alt="Frequency of test execution" class="wp-image-27477" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



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Read more articles written by Sowmya Sridharamurthy:



<a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/the-unpleasant-phenomenon-in-agile-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Unpleasant Phenomenon In Agile Testing</a>



<a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/api-testing-basics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">API testing basics for beginners</a>

6 elemental principles to be discussed before initiating test automation

6 Elemental Principles of Automation: Why They Matter?

API vs UI Testing Which One Should You Pick

API vs UI Testing: Which One Should You Pick

14 Top Test Automation Frameworks in

An application has different Web Elements like buttons, text boxes, checkboxes, menus, sliders, and more. While testing using Selenium, you can simulate certain scenarios by automating low-level interactions with the WebElement(s) in the DOM, such as keypresses and mouse button operations (such as click, double click, and right-click). One such action is Mouse hover over a web element.&nbsp;



Moving the cursor over an element in a graphical user interface (GUI) without clicking is called hovering. In web design, hovering is frequently used to show more details or options related to an element. For instance, a submenu displaying more options may emerge when you hover over a menu item.&nbsp;



In this blog, we&#8217;d see how to perform mouse hover actions in Selenium WebDriver.



Let’s get started!



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_a_Mouse_Hover_Action_in_Selenium">1 What is a Mouse Hover Action in Selenium?</a></li><li><a href="#Understanding_the_Actions_Class_in_Selenium">2 Understanding the Actions Class in Selenium</a><ul><li><a href="#Overview_of_the_Actions_Class">2.1 Overview of the Actions Class</a></li><li><a href="#Methods_and_Properties_of_the_Actions_Class">2.2 Methods and Properties of the Actions Class</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#How_to_implement_Mouse_Hover_in_Selenium_using_the_Actions_Class">3 How to implement Mouse Hover in Selenium using the Actions Class?</a></li><li><a href="#How_can_I_position_the_mouse_cursor_at_an_offset_element">4 How can I position the mouse cursor at an offset element?</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion">5 Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">6 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#nbspHow_to_mouse_hover_and_click_in_selenium">6.1 &nbsp;How to mouse hover and click in selenium?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_get_hover_text_in_Selenium">6.2 How to get hover text in Selenium?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_perform_mouse_actions_in_selenium">6.3 How to perform mouse actions in selenium?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="what-is-a-mouse-hover-action-in-selenium">What is a Mouse Hover Action in Selenium?</h2>



In Selenium, a mouse hover action is described as the movement of the cursor over a particular web element without clicking on it. Users can see additional options and menus that appear when they place their cursors over an item. Examples include drop-down menus or tooltips.



Dropdowns/sub-lists are common for e-commerce websites (such as Amazon, Flipkart, Walmart, eBay, etc.). They are one of the basic, very common ui element for most websites and hence has to be developed and tested so that it works across all browsers and customers at all times.



Take this image as an example showing, “Create New”, the parent element &#8211; once the mouse hovers over it, a sub-menu with child elements appears containing “Test Case”, ”Requirement”, and “Project”.&nbsp;



Visibility during test automation from the end user&#8217;s perspective is better served when one follows the parent-child hierarchy.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfugVaMVNVJ7BxErMfIpl3Ojd4VCtIzXzrSndiaPpYNCWsjEo3QlsS3U9zAjQT57wbhJhWlGCiAny1UTEDP4Ulx1VQ4WV9W3yV7SV6Pip2ry9r4qzkVFCHVIM2bw0bbbEJzXd_iZ0mhJRGYYMihn30vFX3x?key=7G0Rfdp1buIWuoxLrSsNqA" alt=""/></figure>



In Selenium, the first step for hovering over an element is to locate it. Then, the tester can perform the hover operation using the Actions class.



<h2 id="h-understanding-the-actions-class-in-selenium">Understanding the Actions Class in Selenium</h2>



<h3 id="h-overview-of-the-actions-class">Overview of the Actions Class</h3>



The Actions class in Selenium is a class used to simulate user interactions with a web page. It provides a way to perform advanced mouse and keyboard interactions, such as moving the mouse over an element, clicking and holding an element, and dragging and dropping elements. The Actions class is part of the org.openqa.selenium.interactions package in Selenium and can be used with the WebDriver API.



The Actions class has several methods and properties that allow you to simulate a wide range of user interactions. For example, the click method can be used to simulate a mouse click, the moveToElement method can be used to move the mouse over an element, and the keyDown method can be used to simulate a key press.



To use the Actions class, you must first create a new Actions object and then chain together the desired actions using the methods provided by the class. Once you have defined the actions you want to perform, you can use the perform method to execute the actions.



In summary, the Actions class in Selenium provides a powerful and flexible way to simulate advanced user interactions with a web page. It is an essential tool for performing mouse hover actions and other types of interactions in <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/selenium-based-automated-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Selenium testing</a>.



<h3 id="h-methods-and-properties-of-the-actions-class">Methods and Properties of the Actions Class</h3>



The Actions class in Selenium has several methods and properties that can be used to simulate user interactions with a web page. Some of the most commonly used methods and properties are listed below:



Methods:



<ul><li>click: Simulates a mouse click on an element.</li><li>clickAndHold: Clicks and holds down the mouse button on an element.</li><li>doubleClick: Performs a double-click on an element.</li><li>keyDown: Simulates pressing a key on the keyboard.</li><li>keyUp: Simulates releasing a key on the keyboard.</li><li>moveToElement: Moves the mouse cursor over an element.</li><li>release: Releases the mouse button.</li><li>sendKeys: Simulates typing text on the keyboard.</li><li>perform: Executes the defined actions.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-implement-mouse-hover-in-selenium-using-the-actions-class">How to implement Mouse Hover in Selenium using the Actions Class?</h2>



In Selenium, the Actions class can be used to perform mouse hover actions. Here&#8217;s how you can perform a mouse hover using the Actions class in Selenium:



Syntax:



moveToElement​(WebElement element)&nbsp;– Move the mouse to the middle of the element (i.e. element) which is passed to the method



Step by Step explanation



1. Set the chrome driver path



System.setProperty(&#8220;webdriver.chrome.driver&#8221;, &#8220;/path/to/chromedriver&#8221;);



2. Instantiate the browser driver



WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();



3. Launch the browser and website



driver.get(&#8220;https://www.example.com&#8221;);
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(&#8220;locatorvalue&#8221;));



4. Create an instance of an Actions class



Actions actions = new Actions(driver);



5. Perform the Mouse hover action



actions.moveToElement(element).build().perform();



Code Snippet:&nbsp;



<styled-code>
package demo;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;

public class MouseHover {
 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
 // Set the path of the ChromeDriver
 System.setProperty(&#8220;webdriver.chrome.driver&#8221;, &#8220;.\\chromedriver.exe&#8221;);

 // Instantiate the Chrome driver
 WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

 // Launch a website
 driver.get(&#8220;https://testsigma.com/&#8221;);
 driver.manage().window().maximize();
 // Identify the element to be hovered
 WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;//a[text()=&#8217;Resources&#8217;]&#8221;));

 // Instantiate the Actions class
 Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

 // Perform the mouse hover action
 actions.moveToElement(element).build().perform();
 
 // close the browser
 driver.close();
 }
}
</styled-code>



<h2 id="h-how-can-i-position-the-mouse-cursor-at-an-offset-element">How can I position the mouse cursor at an offset element?</h2>



In Selenium, the Actions class can be used to move the mouse cursor to a specific offset relative to an element. Here&#8217;s how you can perform this action using the Actions class in Selenium:



Syntax:



moveToElement​(WebElement, X, Y)&nbsp;– Move to an offset (x_Offset and y_Offset) from the WebElement’s in canter viewpoint.



Code Snippet:



<styled-code>
package demo;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;

public class MouseHoverByOffset {
 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
 //Set the path of the Chromedriver path
 System.setProperty(&#8220;webdriver.chrome.driver&#8221;, &#8220;C:\\Users\\sgokhru\\Downloads\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe&#8221;);

 //Instantiate the Chrome driver
 WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

 //Launch the website
 driver.get(&#8220;https://testsigma.com/&#8221;);
 driver.manage().window().maximize();

 //Identify the element to be hovered
 WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath(&#8220;//a[text()=&#8217;Resources&#8217;]&#8221;));

 //Instantiate of the Actions class
 Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

 // Perform the mouse hover action
 actions.moveToElement(element, 10, 20).build().perform();
 Thread.sleep(3000);
 //close the browser
 driver.close();
 }
}
</styled-code>



In this example, the Chrome driver is being used, so the path to the chromedriver executable must be set. The element_id is the id of the element on the page to which you want to move the mouse cursor. The Actions class is used to simulate mouse events, and the moveToElement method is used to move the mouse to a specific offset relative to the specified element. 



The first argument to the moveToElement method is the element, and the second and third arguments are the x and y offsets, respectively. The build method is used to compile the actions into a single step, and the perform method is used to execute the actions.



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<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



In conclusion, mouse hover is a commonly used interaction in web applications and can be easily simulated using the Actions class in Selenium. The Actions class provides a way to simulate mouse and keyboard events in the browser, and the moveToElement method can be used to perform mouse hover actions. You can also move the mouse cursor to a specific offset relative to an element by using the moveToElement method with x and y offset arguments.



It&#8217;s important to note that mouse hover actions can be used to uncover hidden elements or drop-down menus and can be useful in navigating and <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-web-application-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated web app testing</a>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="h-how-to-mouse-hover-and-click-in-selenium">&nbsp;How to mouse hover and click in selenium?</h3>



You can perform a mouse hover and click action in Selenium using the following steps in Java:



<ul><li>Locate the element: First, you need to locate the element you want to perform the mouse hover and click action on. You can locate the element using its id, class name, xpath, or any other method supported by Selenium.</li> <li>Import the Actions class: In order to perform mouse actions, you need to import the Actions class from the org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions package.</li> <li>Create an instance of Actions: After importing the Actions class, create an instance of Actions and pass the web driver instance as the parameter.</li> <li>Mouse hover: Use the moveToElement method of the Actions class to move the mouse cursor over the element you want to hover.</li> <li>Click: To perform the click action, use the click method of the Actions class.</li></ul>



Syntax :



WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(&#8220;element-id&#8221;));
 Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
 actions.moveToElement(element).perform();
 actions.click(element).perform();



 <h3 id="h-how-to-get-hover-text-in-selenium">How to get hover text in Selenium?</h3>



In Selenium, you can get the text displayed on an element when you hover over element by using the following steps in Java:



<ul><li>Locate the element: First, you need to locate the element you want to get the hover text from. You can locate the element using its id, class name, xpath, or any other method supported by Selenium.</li> <li>Import the Actions class: In order to perform mouse actions, you need to import the Actions class from the org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions package.</li> <li>Create an instance of Actions: After importing the Actions class, create an instance of Actions and pass the web driver instance as the parameter.</li> <li>Mouse hover: Use the moveToElement method of the Actions class to move the mouse cursor over the element you want to hover.</li> <li>Get the hover text: To get the hover text, you can use the getAttribute method of the WebElement class and pass the title as the argument. The title attribute contains the text displayed when you hover over the element.</li></ul>



Syntax:



WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(&#8220;element-id&#8221;));
 Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
 actions.moveToElement(element).perform();
 String hoverText = element.getAttribute(&#8220;title&#8221;);
 System.out.println(&#8220;Hover text: &#8221; + hoverText);



 <h3 id="h-how-to-perform-mouse-actions-in-selenium">How to perform mouse actions in selenium?</h3>



In Selenium, you can perform mouse actions (such as hover, click, right-click, double-click, etc.) in Java by using the Actions class. Here&#8217;s how you can do it:



<ul><li>Import the Actions class: Import the Actions class from the org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions package.</li> <li>Create an instance of Actions: Create an instance of Actions and pass the web driver instance as the parameter.</li> <li>Locate the element: Locate the element you want to perform the mouse action on.</li> <li>Perform the mouse action: Use the appropriate method of the Actions class to perform the mouse action. For example, to perform a mouse hover, use the moveToElement method. To click an element, use the click method. To right-click an element, use the contextClick method. To double-click, an element, use the doubleClick method.</li> <li>Build and perform the action: After performing the mouse action, you need to call the build method of the Actions class and then call the perform method to execute the action.</li></ul>



Here&#8217;s an example that demonstrates how to perform a double click in Selenium:



Syntax:



WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(&#8220;element-id&#8221;));
 Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.doubleClick(element ).perform();

How to perform Mouse Hover Action in Selenium