Testing is a world of adjectives where each type of testing comes with its own title.&nbsp;



I am sure you have heard of titles like Functional Tester, Automation Tester, Performance Tester, etc. These are popular specializations.&nbsp;



However, there are unique modes in which all these categories of testers operate.&nbsp;



There&#8217;s no one-approach-fits-all in the testing world. Each specialization has its’ own unique skills, perspectives, and values. While distinctly unique, at the end of the day, each of these testers contributes to the overall quality of the product.&nbsp;



In this article, we&#8217;ll explore various tester role types, their key responsibilities, skills, and how each of them contributes to creating a better testing process.&nbsp;



As a tester, it will also help you identify where you fit and how you can collaborate effectively with other testers. If you are someone who manages testers, knowing this distinction will also help you build a holistic testing team.



Spoiler Alert: Most testers have a blend of two or three types within them.&nbsp;



Let’s dive into each of these roles in detail.&nbsp;



<ol><li>Analytical Tester</li><li>Technical Tester</li><li>Administrative Tester</li><li>Social Tester</li><li>Customer Savvy Tester</li><li>AI Tester</li><li>Developer (Supportive Tester)</li></ol>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Analytical_Tester">1 Analytical Tester</a></li><li><a href="#Technical_Tester">2 Technical Tester</a></li><li><a href="#Administrative_Tester">3 Administrative Tester</a></li><li><a href="#Social_Tester">4 Social Tester</a></li><li><a href="#Customer_Savvy_Tester">5 Customer Savvy Tester</a></li><li><a href="#AI_Tester">6 AI Tester</a></li><li><a href="#Developer_as_Tester">7 Developer as Tester</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-analytical-tester">Analytical Tester</h2>



The Sherlock Holmes of the testing world



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXeYo0uYq6OWGWcZAihSJkPvza-F4-PGtDyJJSMJL2sfRlB5_EwxiMVfjzbaXrFSAR1PsEN6aCscaZrfH00KR8pVYk8YUDUv9a-Rb-Rkef9CNc65dEKngaE8j-yEVNgzeeIvIHgt7Nsqm5U2z1zt_wogr3Q?key=snlPEKSw9Jy_BSXT6fZerg" alt="Analytical Tester" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



They create models, diagrams, mindmaps, design documents, spreadsheets, and combinatorics to dissect and understand the product better.&nbsp;



The tests are then designed on their basis.&nbsp;



Analytical testers focus on test design. They meticulously plan their tests, analyze requirements, and create comprehensive tests covering a wide range of scenarios.&nbsp;



They also focus on analyzing and pinpointing the root causes behind any issue.



Top Skills &#8211; Analytical Testers:



<ul><li>Test Design: Creating detailed and structured tests for systemic coverage of product layers.</li><li>Risk Analysis: Identifying and mitigating potential risks and prioritizing testing accordingly.</li><li><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/exploratory-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exploratory Testing</a>: Investigating software functionality with a focus on exploration and discovering the unknowns.</li><li>Note-taking: Keeping records of testing notes, findings, and bugs.</li></ul>



<h2 id="technical-tester">Technical Tester</h2>



The programming ninjas of the testing world



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXe61WTH00PgGRl666ZP_Bj3Mttr2R1oUFLf5HrNR4QteU69Gv42RzBPeWfB1eNuxbT_TdbuNhfA1Slk13YZtM62g8yra6qUrsuJOOfp9JeinVjcuDwsK2wss-HHtbiF1n0fNrn1v5biK2mUjnfobF2gc1k?key=snlPEKSw9Jy_BSXT6fZerg" alt="Technical Tester" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



They love writing code to test the application. They integrate testing assertions into their automation workflow, developing frameworks and scripts to accelerate the feedback loop.



Technical testers focus on writing code that automates repetitive tasks or test steps, enabling teams to execute test suites quickly and efficiently.



Some of the typical tasks performed by <a href="https://www.ministryoftesting.com/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-technical-tester" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technical testers</a>:



<ul><li>Test Script Development: Writing scripts that execute various test cases.</li><li>Test Maintenance &amp; Execution: Ensuring <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/test-script/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test scripts</a> are always updated.</li><li>CI Integration: Seamlessly incorporating tests into the CI/CD pipeline.</li><li>Automation Framework Development: Building frameworks and utilities to support automated testing.</li><li>Result Analysis: Analyzing automation results to identify issues.</li></ul>



Top Skills &#8211; Technical Tester:



<ul><li>Testability and Automatibility: Develop tools that ensure smoother testing and automation.</li><li>Clean Coding: Write simple, efficient, and elegant code.</li><li>Design Patterns: Use established patterns such as Page Object Mode, Singleton, etc. to design test solutions.</li><li>Automation Design: Craft effective <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated tests</a>.</li><li>Programming Fundamentals: Basics of coding principles, and paradigms.</li><li>Tools and Platforms: Expertise in tools like Selenium, JUnit, Jenkins, etc.</li></ul>



<h2 id="administrative-tester">Administrative Tester</h2>



Project managers of the testing world



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfxMp3f0KnDFSI-uuwxHa3wCbhSnY0h6yjeBZeqUHm2lOcfwLwxtnbuV41egtxxVHGtzaHg5HQv_yBi5P-EMrXT6U2h0HhLRNYKCfVdOJ7htmVIJcAWryLXhd17rU2yHhqcML9KIV991L2cO8RTJis3y5Tu?key=snlPEKSw9Jy_BSXT6fZerg" alt="Administrative Tester" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



They break down testing as a set of tasks to be completed efficiently and effectively.



They focus on the overall testing strategy, execution, and reporting. They handle test planning, scheduling, and people allocation. They ensure that all testing activities are aligned with the business goals and timelines.&nbsp;



They make sure that the relevant testing artifacts are created, updated, and maintained over time.



Some tasks performed by administrative testers include:



<ul><li>Test Strategy: Define the overall test approach.</li><li>Test Estimation: Plan and negotiate the time and people needed for testing.</li><li>Test Reporting: Generate detailed reports on high-level test progress and results.</li><li>Test Planning: Schedule and coordinate testing activities.</li><li>Managing Overall Testing Activities: Align and manage the entire testing process and tasks.</li><li>Metrics &amp; Reviews: Define relevant metrics and review them over time.</li><li>Standards &amp; Compliance: Ensure compliance and industry standards are met.</li><li>Defining Workflows: Create efficient workflows for the testing process.</li></ul>



Top Skills &#8211; Administrative Tester:



<ul><li>Requirement Engineering: Understand and explore requirements.</li><li>Test Strategy and Planning: Develop comprehensive test plans.</li><li>Test Management: Oversee <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-execution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test execution</a> and progress.</li><li>Estimation: Predict testing tasks and their synchronization.</li><li>Planning: Schedule and resource allocation.</li><li>Note-taking: Document plans, progress, and issues.</li></ul>



<h2 id="social-tester">Social Tester</h2>



Network and communication hub of the testing world



<figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfkM2oZbMCvqiCo1FFfPBcRHKI5-f4Kgu833SoBIihBTZ0nNvFpwCyLEpZPVze98ytxb-BqRCXkF_uEpUsSM0O_0rdO4HGcSRnJ0oSSx6-deHwagaSEdIZQcTy2lbWiknbeI_2ApUMYm6D7GfTMD-xwfj65?key=snlPEKSw9Jy_BSXT6fZerg" alt="Social Tester" width="600" height="400"/></figure>



They love interacting with people, building relationships, and fostering collaboration. They thrive on conversations, and understanding the internal as well as external sides of software development.&nbsp;



You can think of them as social butterflies — fluttering between technology and the people developing it.



Social testers focus on sharing opportunities and collaborating with other tester types, as well as developers ensuring a <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/holistic-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">holistic approach to testing</a>.



Top Skills &#8211; Social Testers:



<ul><li>Writing: Clear and concise written and visual communication.</li><li>Listening: Understand the perspectives and needs of others.</li><li>Persuasion: Convince stakeholders and influence them about the need for thorough testing.</li><li>Questioning: Ask the right questions at the right time to the right people.</li><li>Storytelling: To communicate testing stories effectively.</li><li>Communication: Articulation of thoughts, ideas, and plans.</li></ul>



<h2 id="customer-savvy-tester">Customer Savvy Tester</h2>



Advocates of the customers



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfENGibXvJ4taB9Aw-KPQdqjVSyLPMWun6mdlR-s8PiE8ECGSu1yBLr-jlcpVeQzCTloGUcZPhfrrRrKYx0vv4BUSkalkhLYnZUu0pmNW2R2xGyhqDzuiH5MMWvxaRWWfgotTCRYiK3KLVSpyK11OAqFzA?key=snlPEKSw9Jy_BSXT6fZerg" alt="Customer Savvy Tester" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



They put themselves in users&#8217; shoes to understand their needs, personas, emotions, and actions. They advocate for fine-tuning user experiences.



They don’t just test the software, they feel it. This superpower helps them uncover issues that really matter to the end customer.&nbsp;



They focus on understanding user scenarios and advocating for issues that could impact the user.



Top Skills &#8211; Customer Savvy Tester:



<ul><li>User Touring: Investigate the software from a user&#8217;s journey perspective.</li><li>Bug Advocacy: Advocate the importance of fixing user-impacting challenges.</li><li>Requirement Engineering: Ensure requirements reflect user needs.</li><li>Note-taking: Document user scenarios and test results.</li></ul>



<h2 id="ai-tester">AI Tester</h2>



the cutting edge of modern testing and industrial revolution 5.0



<figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfDqM2d3_3k_2zEz0gfxdjFDdQI2Zx5NMXOlb-6Nert_lDJfhjlYMmXr91oKqEnEcZH68JJnoSTYJuCf85AvmY0tMq1P2PwDxs8nNA-BnZzjPE0S93K35ZOq6HtPI94UuMSu5lnJkigNr-ZN083-AicCAU?key=snlPEKSw9Jy_BSXT6fZerg" alt="AI Tester" width="600" height="400"/></figure>



They leverage artificial intelligence to assist and enhance <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/test-process/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">testing processes</a> and outcomes.



They focus on developing precise models and strategies for implementing AI in testing, as well as educating their teams on AI tools and use cases.



Some of the typical tasks performed by AI testers:



<ul><li>Develop Precise Models for Testing: Create and train AI models on the right data.</li><li>Coach Team about AI Tools: Educate team on AI tools and applications.</li><li>Creating &#8220;AI in Testing&#8221; Strategy: Define how AI will be used in testing, what would be the benefits as well as risks.</li><li>Defining Smart Prompts for Testing Tasks: Create effective AI prompts for usage with the team.</li><li>Developing Utilities for Testing &amp; Automation via AI: Build AI-powered testing tools.</li><li>AI Ethics &amp; Governance: Ensure ethical use of AI in testing.</li></ul>



Top Skills &#8211; AI Testers:



<ul><li>Basics of AI and ML: Understand fundamental AI and machine learning concepts.</li><li>Models and LLMs: Knowledge of various AI models and large language models.</li><li>LLM Syndromes: Understand the limitations and challenges of LLMs.</li><li>AI Testing Tools: Proficiency in <a href="https://testsigma.com/tools/ai-testing-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI-based testing tools</a>.</li><li>AI Ethics: Ensure ethical considerations in AI usage.</li><li>Prompt Engineering: Craft efficient prompts for AI models using appropriate prompt engineering techniques.</li></ul>



This also is a great opportunity to tell you about a tool that an AI tester would want to know about.



<a href="https://testsigma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma</a> is a low-code Gen-AI powered test automation tool that allows testers to automate web, mobile, desktop app, and API testing in the same platform. It makes test automation faster and more efficient with its robust test automation features. The Gen-AI capabilities provide intelligent suggestions that help scale your tests. The key areas of Testsigma where AI plays a major role are,



<ul><li>AI-powered auto healing reduces your test maintenance efforts by up to 70%</li><li>Makes your test automation 10x faster in terms of test creation and execution</li><li>Get smart test case suggestions via prompts and ensure 100% test coverage</li><li>Provides detailed and automated test reporting for every test run</li></ul>



There&#8217;s more: have a quick look into how Testsigma&#8217;s<a href="https://testsigma.com/ai-driven-test-automation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> AI-driven low-code testing</a>



<h2 id="developer-as-tester">Developer as Tester</h2>



Supportive testers



<figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcyg3V18Srhviqoldxim-QzxWsmUAg-mbUCOjJWuv0PO7T05UWofpAoEQ2Q31bmSgUsKQJZ4Zwtt6V_8r7GfWcO2WWBr5i5RqbIKv_7t8u3wTaJMuv2od0fxEdRMhH0USfzIrGSJTiUjZMc1ntUPFvFntJU?key=snlPEKSw9Jy_BSXT6fZerg" alt="Developer as Tester" width="600" height="400"/></figure>



Developers aren&#8217;t primarily responsible for testing, but they play an equally crucial supportive role. They write unit tests and help testers with testability as well as automatibility. They contribute to unit tests as well as CI workflows.



Good developers focus on writing testable code and supporting the testing process through unit testing and design considerations.



Top Skills &#8211; Developer as Tester



<ul><li>Unit Testing: Writing tests for individual units of code.</li><li>Design Thinking: Designing features with testability in mind.</li><li>Collaboration: Working closely with testers to ensure seamless integration and testing.</li></ul>



Holla! That’s all!



While reading this article, you must have resonated with each tester type. We adapt to different roles in different conditions and contexts. Each role then brings valuable skills and perspectives, ensuring that the <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/software-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">software testing</a> process is in-check.&nbsp;



By recognizing, leveraging, and upskilling on these diverse talents, you can develop yourself as a well-rounded tester.&nbsp;



Happy testing!



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<ts-link-item>
<ts-linktext-value>Career Aspirations for Tester</ts-linktext-value>
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<ts-link-item>
<ts-linktext-value>Zen in Software Testing</ts-linktext-value>
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Types of Testers: A Comprehensive Guide  ￼

Automated Test Oracles in Software Testing

Test Evidence - What it is, Why & How to Capture?

Test Evidence – What it is, Why & How to Capture?

Karate and Postman are automated API testing tools, with different purposes and features. Karate is an Open Source, test-automation framework designed especially for automated API testing. It couples API test automation, mocks, performance testing, and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. On the other hand, Postman is a widely used API testing and collaboration platform through which one can create, test, and document APIs with an intuitive interface. However, they have certain limitations as well. Karate has a steeper learning curve for beginners, mainly because of the <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/writing-scenarios-with-gherkin-syntax/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gherkin syntax</a>. Postman does very well in manual and semiautomated testing, but scaling it towards testing extensive automated test suites might be tricky.



In this article, let&#8217;s discuss the differences between these <a href="https://testsigma.com/api-testing-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">API testing tools</a> &#8211; Karate vs Postman. We will discuss the key differences, features, similarities, limitations, and the best alternatives to these tools as well.



You can also check out this comprehensive list of the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/web-service-testing-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">top 15 web service testing tools</a>.



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Karate_vs_Postman_8211_Overview">1 Karate vs Postman &#8211; Overview</a><ul><li><a href="#Which_is_Karate">1.1 Which is Karate? </a></li><li><a href="#What_is_Postman">1.2 What is Postman?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Alternative_to_Karate_and_Postman_8211_Testsigma">2 Alternative to Karate and Postman &#8211; Testsigma</a><ul><li><a href="#Highlighting_Features_of_Testsigma">2.1 Highlighting Features of Testsigma</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Karate_vs_Postman_vs_Testsigma_8211_Key_Differences">3 Karate vs Postman vs Testsigma &#8211; Key Differences</a></li><li><a href="#Karate_and_Postman_8211_Similarities">4 Karate and Postman &#8211; Similarities</a></li><li><a href="#Karate_vs_Postman_8211_Which_Should_I_Choose_for_API_Automated_Testing">5 Karate vs Postman &#8211; Which Should I Choose for API Automated Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Karate_vs_Postman_8211_Conclusion">6 Karate vs Postman &#8211; Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">7 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#Can_I_migrate_the_test_data_from_Postman_or_Karate_to_Testsigma">7.1 Can I migrate the test data from Postman or Karate to Testsigma?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-karate-vs-postman-overview">Karate vs Postman &#8211; Overview</h2>



Among API testing tools, the two most talked-about are Karate and Postman, but they have many distinguishing features and different capabilities. Knowing the unique advantages and some possible disadvantages of the tools helps the teams understand which tool suits their testing requirements.



<h3 id="h-which-is-karate">Which is Karate? </h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="799" height="134" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Karate.jpg" alt="Karate" class="wp-image-35470" /></figure>



Karate is a compelling open-source framework developed for automated testing, with an explicit focus on APIs. It brings the ability to combine <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-api-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated testing in APIs</a>, mocks, performance testing, and UI automation into a unified framework. Tests in Karate are written in a very readable Gherkin syntax, making them approachable to non-developers. It integrates well with CI/CD pipelines, so tests can run and deploy automatically. It also has in-built support of the GraphQL and SOAP API for an extensive scope in a testing scenario.



Read here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/karate-labs-alternatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karate Alternatives</a>



<h3 id="h-what-is-postman">What is Postman?</h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="798" height="134" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Postman.jpg" alt="Postman" class="wp-image-31366" /></figure>



Postman is a platform for creating and testing APIs, with an inbuilt user interface. Postman supports automation testing by enabling the scripting of detailed and reusable scenarios of tests. It has a user-friendly interface in which a team can share and manage the requests and responses of its APIs, providing grounds for collaboration among the developers and testers. It also includes API monitoring, mock servers, and environment management features. But for extensive automation and integration with CI/CD, you may need an extra suite of tools or manual, tailor-made scripts.



Check out the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/postman-alternatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Postman Alternatives</a>



<h2 id="h-alternative-to-karate-and-postman-testsigma">Alternative to Karate and Postman &#8211; Testsigma</h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1201" height="821" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/04112145/Alternative-to-Karate-and-Postman-Testsigma.png" alt="Alternative to Karate and Postman - Testsigma" class="wp-image-45870" srcset="https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/04112145/Alternative-to-Karate-and-Postman-Testsigma.png 1201w, https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/04112145/Alternative-to-Karate-and-Postman-Testsigma-768x525.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1201px) 100vw, 1201px" /></figure></div>



Among the best alternatives for API testing stands <a href="https://testsigma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma</a>. Testsigma is a full-blown, AI-powered test automation platform; it supports not only API testing but also web and mobile application testing. You can easily create test cases using simple natural English language or you can also record your test steps based on the actions performed on an application.&nbsp;



It enables a unified approach toward test automation that makes test maintenance and execution across different platforms accessible within one ecosystem. It provides a very intuitive interface and extensive features, making the whole testing process streamlined and team members collaborate smoothly.



Here’s a complete list of the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-automation-frameworks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">best test automation frameworks</a>.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfD9yLYLQzt4ZYW6lXEbC_AfdHcQTpbLVExtNeq7r1vPRXvxIf_YFfK4N-zBw4-QECf6sBILH1GeH2npGbNDtFNaGw0srUFc0qhiD50ELsOsqQ7Ny7_lGZwxCYwpvggX5cM7xWNCaokPGjsUIAVNQfkzeA?key=yjnUwcgL6bysZv9J91IsPw" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" /></figure>



<h3 id="h-highlighting-features-of-testsigma">Highlighting Features of Testsigma</h3>



<ol><li>Unified Test Automation: Single platform to support API, web, mobile, and desktop application testing.</li><li>No-Code/Low-Code Interface: Helps users to create tests with no or little programming experience, hence being user-friendly for non-developers.</li><li>CI/CD Integration: It integrates seamlessly with the most common and best-of-best CI/CD tools, including Jenkins, CircleCI, and Azure DevOps, to automate testing and deployments.</li><li>Cross-browser and Cross-device testing: It supports test execution across multiple devices, browsers, and OS environments to ensure both compatibility and performance.</li><li>Data-Driven Testing: It enables the testing of a product with various input data sets for functionality validation under different test conditions.</li><li>Real-Time Reporting and Analytics: Ensures a well-articulated test report and analytics to track test results, find issues, and improve test coverage.</li><li>Reusable Test Steps: It makes test steps and components reusable, thereby ensuring efficiency and eliminating duplications.</li><li>Parallel testing: It gives you the possibility to speed up the process of testing and, hence, minimize the overall amount of testing time required.&nbsp;</li><li>Collaboration Tools: It allows team collaboration, shared workspaces, and version control for coordinated testing efforts.</li></ol>



<div class="cta-banner-v2">
<div class="title-with-description ">
Explore Testsigma for automating your API tests with end-to-end UI tests for web, mobile and desktop applications
from the same place, 10x faster
</div>
<a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" class="cta-btn-v1" rel="noopener">Try for free</a>
</div>



<h2 id="h-karate-vs-postman-vs-testsigma-key-differences">Karate vs Postman vs Testsigma &#8211; Key Differences</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td>Feature/Aspect</td><td>Karate</td><td>Postman</td><td>Testsigma</td></tr><tr><td>Primary Use</td><td>Automated API testing</td><td>API development and testing</td><td>Comprehensive test automation</td></tr><tr><td>Syntax</td><td>Gherkin</td><td>JavaScript for scripting</td><td>No-code/Low-code interface</td></tr><tr><td>UI/UX</td><td>Command-line and text-based</td><td>Intuitive graphical user interface</td><td>Intuitive graphical user interface</td></tr><tr><td>Integration with CI/CD</td><td>Excellent integration</td><td>Limited integration</td><td>Seamless integration</td></tr><tr><td>Performance Testing</td><td>Included</td><td>Requires additional tools</td><td>Not Included</td></tr><tr><td>API Types Supported</td><td>REST, SOAP, GraphQL</td><td>REST, SOAP</td><td>REST, GraphQL, Web, Mobile, Desktop</td></tr><tr><td>Data-Driven Testing</td><td>Supported</td><td>Supported</td><td>Supported</td></tr><tr><td>Ease of Use</td><td>Steep learning curve for beginners</td><td>Easy to use, suitable for beginners</td><td>Easy to use, suitable for beginners</td></tr><tr><td>Test Maintenance</td><td>Manual</td><td>Manual</td><td>AI-driven test maintenance</td></tr><tr><td>Parallel Execution</td><td>Supported</td><td>Requires additional setup</td><td>Supported</td></tr><tr><td>Cross-Platform Testing</td><td>API and UI testing</td><td>API testing only</td><td>Web, Mobile, Desktop testing</td></tr><tr><td>Collaboration Features</td><td>Limited</td><td>Strong collaboration features</td><td>Strong collaboration features</td></tr><tr><td>Real-Time Reporting</td><td>Limited</td><td>Detailed reports available</td><td>Detailed real-time reporting</td></tr><tr><td>Community and Support</td><td>Growing community</td><td>Large community and extensive support</td><td>Growing community and professional support</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable Test Steps</td><td>Limited</td><td>Limited</td><td>Extensive reuse capabilities</td></tr><tr><td>Environment Management</td><td>Limited</td><td>Strong environment management</td><td>Strong environment management</td></tr><tr><td>Cost</td><td>Free and open-source</td><td>Free tier, paid plans for advanced features</td><td>Paid plans with enterprise-level features</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



Check here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/karate-vs-rest-assured/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karate vs Rest Assured</a>



<h2 id="h-karate-and-postman-similarities">Karate and Postman &#8211; Similarities</h2>



Both Karate and Postman are <a href="https://testsigma.com/qa-automation-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automation testing tools</a> explicitly aimed at making the testing of APIs easier, allowing one to check whether the APIs are working, reliable, and performant. They support the testing of both REST and SOAP APIs, thus covering a broad application domain within web services. There are also a couple of features, including mocking servers, offered by both Postman and Karate.



Another similarity between Karate and Postman is that both support data-driven testing. They allow the execution of tests with different data sets to build checks on API working under variant conditions. The tools seamlessly integrate with CI/CD pipelines to have API tests included in the automated deployment workflow for continuous validation and quality assurance.



Check out the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/postman-alternatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">best alternatives to Postman</a>.



<h2 id="h-karate-vs-postman-which-should-i-choose-for-api-automated-testing">Karate vs Postman &#8211; Which Should I Choose for API Automated Testing?</h2>



The choice between Karate or Postman mainly depends on your exact requirements, what your team is experienced with, and your workflow preferences.&nbsp;



If your team requires a solution that is much richer in capabilities, including <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/api-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">API testing</a>, within the same framework without any integration, Karate is most likely the best candidate for you. Its Gherkin syntax makes it easily accessible even to non-developers, whereby stakeholders with less programming knowledge can effectively be involved in the process of creating and maintaining tests. Karate can help with several types of APIs: REST, SOAP, or GraphQL, and, again, integrates with CI/CD pipelines.



Check here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/jmeter-vs-postman/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JMeter vs Postman</a>



Postman, conversely, proves to be a user-friendly development and testing API platform, ideal for teams who consider ease of use and team effort most important. Its intuitive graphical interface easily facilitates the development, testing, and documentation of APIs, meaning it works great for developers and testers. Postman is rich in solid collaboration features, like shared workspaces and version control, making it easy for teams to communicate and coordinate. But for complete automation and integration with CI/CD, some other tooling support or scripting might be needed.&nbsp;



Ultimately, the choice between Karate and Postman would depend on the kind of test you have, the complexity, the technical ability of your team, and the necessity of collaborating on features as part of a workflow.



Check here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/insomnia-vs-postman/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insomnia vs Postman</a>



<h2 id="h-karate-vs-postman-conclusion">Karate vs Postman &#8211; Conclusion</h2>



To sum up, Karate and Postman each come with their benefits and different purposes within the software development lifecycle. Karate is particularly potent due to its all-in-one nature and its support for API, UI, and performance testing, with its syntax based on Gherkin. Postman, with its intuitive interface and robust collaboration functionalities, makes API development and testing very easy, and it is popular with teams with shared workspaces.



Check here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/rest-assured-vs-postman/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">REST Assured vs Postman</a>



However, if you are looking for an alternative that brings forward the strengths of both Karate and Postman, then Testsigma is an exciting alternative with a Unified Test Automation platform using a no-code/ low-code interface and a rich set of features. With these taken into careful consideration, you should be able to make a fit tool choice according to the goals and develop a solid and reliable strategy for API testing.



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<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="h-can-i-migrate-the-test-data-from-postman-or-karate-to-testsigma">Can I migrate the test data from Postman or Karate to Testsigma?</h3>



Yes, test data migration from Postman or Karate to Testsigma is feasible. There are test import functionalities and APIs for Testsigma that can be used to migrate test cases and data. Most probably, the minimum manual effort required would be in reformatting the data and making some specific alterations in the test scripts. You are highly recommended to go through the extensive and helpful documentation and support provided by Testsigma so that the transition becomes seamless.

Karate vs Postman – Which One Should You Choose?

Coffee machines are like minicomputers today. Many have complex user interfaces that enable users to create different types of coffee, choose a size, add extra ingredients, or even set a temperature range.&nbsp;



Smart coffee machines also tell you when the coffee is low, the water tank needs cleaned, or filters need changing.&nbsp;



Coffee vending machines use software code to perform tasks. Software code requires full test coverage to ensure customer satisfaction.&nbsp;



Test cases for coffee machines need to verify that functionality meets requirements.&nbsp;



This guide provides samples of test cases for coffee machines, including functional, usability, user interface, boundary conditions, and negative test scenarios.&nbsp;



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Functional_Test_Cases_For_A_Coffee_Vending_Machine">1 Functional Test Cases For A Coffee Vending Machine</a></li><li><a href="#Usability_Test_Cases_For_Coffee_Vending_Machine">2 Usability Test Cases For Coffee Vending Machine</a></li><li><a href="#User_Interface_Test_Cases_For_Coffee_Machine">3 User Interface Test Cases For Coffee Machine</a></li><li><a href="#Boundary_Conditions_Test_Cases_For_Coffee_Vending_Machine">4 Boundary Conditions Test Cases For Coffee Vending Machine</a></li><li><a href="#Negative_Test_Cases_For_A_Coffee_Vending_Machine">5 Negative Test Cases For A Coffee Vending Machine</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Automate_Test_Cases_in_Testsigma">6 How to Automate Test Cases in Testsigma</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion">7 Conclusion</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-functional-test-cases-for-a-coffee-vending-machine">Functional Test Cases For A Coffee Vending Machine</h2>



What types of test cases for coffee machines verify functionality? Consider using basic <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/what-is-test-case/">test case </a>techniques to create every kind of test case. Use the functional requirements and the following functional test case samples to get started.



<ol><li>Fill the water, beans, and additives (creamer or milk) to the expected level.&nbsp;<ul><li>Press the large coffee button with no additives.&nbsp;<ol><li>Verify any indicator lights show the machine is brewing.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify a large coffee cup dispenses into the filling space.&nbsp;</li><li>Confirm the indicator lights let the user know when the coffee is ready.&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Verify the coffee fills as expected in the cup and the machine resets to receive a new order.&nbsp;<ol><li>Confirm there are no additives.&nbsp;</li><li>Use a thermometer to confirm the temperature matches requirements.&nbsp;</li></ol></li></ul></li></ol>



<ol start="2"><li>Fill the water, beans, and additives (creamer or milk) to the expected level.&nbsp;<ul><li>Ensure the unit is plugged in or has access to a power source.&nbsp;</li><li>Press the large coffee button and add two or more creams.&nbsp;<ol><li>Verify any indicator lights show the machine is brewing.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify a large coffee cup dispenses into the filling space.&nbsp;</li><li>Confirm two cream additives are added after the coffee.&nbsp;</li><li>Confirm the indicator lights show when the order is complete.&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Verify the coffee fills as expected in the cup, and that the machine resets to receive a new order.&nbsp;<ol><li>Use a thermometer to confirm the temperature matches requirements.</li></ol></li></ul></li></ol>



<ol start="3"><li>Select the ON button to activate the automatic cleaner.&nbsp;<ul><li>Confirm the machine indicates the coffee, additives, and water reservoirs are empty.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify that an indicator light shows the machine is locked for cleaning.&nbsp;<ol><li>Try to press the coffee button for any size coffee.</li><li>Verify the system shows a message indicating it is in cleaning mode.&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Time the cleaning process.&nbsp;<ol><li>Verify the time it takes to clean meets requirements automatically.&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Once the automatic cleaning process is completed, inspect the machine.&nbsp;<ol><li>Verify the cup dispenser is full.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify the water dispenser is clean and empty.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify the coffee dispenser is clean and empty.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify the additive dispensers are clean and empty.&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Confirm the machine resets after cleaning to indicate the user must fill the ingredients before brewing coffee.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ol>



<ol start="4"><li>Fill all ingredients after cleaning.&nbsp;<ul><li>Select the ON button to brew a large cup of coffee with one cream and one sugar.&nbsp;<ol><li>Verify an indicator light shows the machine is brewing.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify a large coffee cup dispenses into the filling space.&nbsp;</li><li>Confirm one cream additive and one sugar are added after the coffee.&nbsp;</li><li>Confirm the indicator lights show when the order is complete.&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Verify the coffee fills as expected in the cup and the machine resets to receive a new order.&nbsp;<ol><li>Use a thermometer to confirm the temperature matches requirements.</li></ol></li></ul></li><li>Fill the coffee dispenser, not the cups, additives, or water dispenser.&nbsp;<ul><li>Select a large coffee with one cream and one sugar.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify an indicator light displays with a message that the machine is out of cups, additives, and water.&nbsp; Click the option to contact the operator.&nbsp;<ol><li>Verify an SMS message is sent to the coffee machine operator to indicate it needs service.&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Verify the machine shows a message apologizing for the inconvenience.&nbsp;</li><li>Confirm the machine does NOT dispense coffee without all ingredients present.</li></ul></li></ol>



<h2 id="usability-test-cases-for-coffee-vending-machine">Usability Test Cases For Coffee Vending Machine</h2>



Usability test cases for coffee machines are intended to ensure the user can successfully receive a cup of coffee at an accurate temperature and with any added ingredients at the size selected without issue. Need more test design options for non-functional tests? Consider different approaches to design.&nbsp;



<ol><li>Verify users can quickly locate the ON and OFF buttons.<ol><li>Turn the machine OFF.&nbsp;</li><li>As a user, determine how easy or difficult it is to locate the ON button.</li></ol></li><li>Verify the user’s coffee cup is full when service is complete.&nbsp;<ol><li>Brew each available size of coffee.&nbsp;</li><li>After service is complete, verify the cup is full to meet requirements (¼ inch below the rim, for example).&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Verify the machine displays an understandable error message for:<ol><li>No cup inventory</li><li>Any ingredient is empty</li><li>Machine requires service</li><li>The user selects a non-supported additive number&nbsp;</li></ol></li><li>Confirm the images and indicator lights match standards (green for ON or Ready, red for Error)<ol><li>View the indicator light colors when using the machine.&nbsp;<ol><li>Verify when an error exists the light is red (or per requirements).</li><li>Verify when the system is functioning then the light is green (or per requirements).&nbsp;</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>



<h2 id="user-interface-test-cases-for-coffee-machine">User Interface Test Cases For Coffee Machine</h2>



User interface test cases for coffee machines intend to identify defects in functionality based on UI controls.



<ol><li>Verify button lights, images, or text match requirements for each function.</li><li>Verify the button indicators and lights exist for notifying users when ingredients are missing.</li><li>Confirm the correct brand and logo display according to requirements.</li><li>Verify the machine generates an error when it is plugged into an improper voltage power source.&nbsp;</li></ol>



<h2 id="boundary-conditions-test-cases-for-coffee-vending-machine">Boundary Conditions Test Cases For Coffee Vending Machine</h2>



Test cases for coffee machines must include verifying the machine operates with variances in values for all options: coffee, size, additives, and temperature.&nbsp;



<ol><li>Verify users receive a single serving for each coffee serving.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify when users press the coffee button repeatedly, users receive a single serving.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify users are limited to 0-6 additive servings.</li><li>Verify machine accepts only supported chip credit cards.&nbsp;</li></ol>



<h2 id="negative-test-cases-for-a-coffee-vending-machine">Negative Test Cases For A Coffee Vending Machine</h2>



Negative test cases for coffee machines are intended to identify defects when a user acts out of the expected sequence.&nbsp;



<ol><li>Press large and small coffee buttons at the same time.&nbsp;<ul><li>Verify only the first selection is fulfilled.&nbsp;</li></ul></li><li>Overfill the coffee beans and push the brew button.&nbsp;<ul><li>Verify the machine indicates an error with a red indicator light and a message that says the coffee beans are overfull.&nbsp;</li></ul></li><li>Turn the machine off and then press the coffee button.&nbsp;<ul><li>Verify the machine does not respond without power.&nbsp;</li></ul></li><li>Turn the machine on its side and try to press the coffee button.&nbsp;<ul><li>Verify the machine displays an error that it is not upright and cannot function.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ol>



<h2 id="how-to-automate-test-cases-in-testsigma">How to Automate Test Cases in Testsigma</h2>



If you are a tester who creates test cases, you also will need to know how to automate those at some point of time. Testsigma is a low-code test automation platform that makes it very easy to learn and start with automating and executing test cases.



Leverage Generative AI (Gen-AI) technology by automating test cases using Testsigma.&nbsp;



Testsigma users can also perform test management, bug tracking, and test development in Testsigma. Get started with Testsigma using a free trial of the cloud-based tool.&nbsp;



Most organizations start by creating test cases:&nbsp;



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="804" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/03120321/How-to-Automate-Test-Cases-in-Testsigma.png" alt="How to Automate Test Cases in Testsigma" class="wp-image-45853" srcset="https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/03120321/How-to-Automate-Test-Cases-in-Testsigma.png 1600w, https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/03120321/How-to-Automate-Test-Cases-in-Testsigma-768x386.png 768w, https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/03120321/How-to-Automate-Test-Cases-in-Testsigma-1536x772.png 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure></div>



Next, organize tests into new test suites for easier tracking and status reporting:



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="914" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/03121810/Test-Suites-1.png" alt="Test suites" class="wp-image-45857" srcset="https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/03121810/Test-Suites-1.png 1600w, https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/03121810/Test-Suites-1-768x439.png 768w, https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/03121810/Test-Suites-1-1536x877.png 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure></div>







Write your automated scripts. Visit the test automation guide for creating automated scripts with Testsigma.



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<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



Testing coffee machine computer interfaces can be challenging. By understanding how to write test cases for coffee machines, testers can create full suites of effective, concise, and thorough test coverage.&nbsp;



Testing is more than proving functionality works, quality test cases also verify functionality through usability, user interface, boundary conditions, and negative test cases. Consider using Testsigma to automate test cases and leverage the power of AI for analytics, reporting, test development, and even maintenance.&nbsp;

Tips for Writing Test Cases for Coffee Machines

Accelq vs Provar | Which One You Should Choose?

Provar and Copado are prominent Salesforce test automation tools.&nbsp;



Provar is known for its end-to-end test automation capability, its codeless environment, and also the support for functional and regression testing for Salesforce applications.&nbsp;



Copado, on the other hand, is a more general DevOps solution, with test automation included in its set of tools designed for CI/CD within Salesforce.



However, both Provar and Copado have their own limitations as well.&nbsp;



Provar is tightly coupled with Salesforce metadata. Although this tight coupling allows for detailed testing, it also makes it hard when there are big updates within the Salesforce metadata.&nbsp;



Copado has a pretty good framework for integration with the pipeline for CI/CD with more focus on deployment and version control. However, its test automation features may not have the advanced capabilities and flexibility of a dedicated testing tool.



Hence, it’s always wise to look for a better alternative for <a href="https://testsigma.com/tools/salesforce-automation-testing-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salesforce test automation tools</a> like Provar and Copado.&nbsp;



In this article, let’s discuss what each of these tools brings to the table, the major differences between them, and the best alternative to Provar and Copado.



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Provar_vs_Copado_8211_Overview">1 Provar vs Copado &#8211; Overview</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_Provarnbsp">1.1 What is Provar?&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_Copado">1.2 What is Copado?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Provar_vs_Copado_8211_Comparison_Table">2 Provar vs Copado &#8211; Comparison Table</a></li><li><a href="#Which_is_the_best_alternative_tool_for_Copado_and_Provar">3 Which is the best alternative tool for Copado and Provar?</a></li><li><a href="#Provar_vs_Copado_8211_Salesforce_Test_Automation_Comparison">4 Provar vs Copado &#8211; Salesforce Test Automation Comparison</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion">5 Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">6 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#Can_we_migrate_test_data_from_Provar_or_Copado_to_Testsigma">6.1 Can we migrate test data from Provar or Copado to Testsigma?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-provar-vs-copado-overview">Provar vs Copado &#8211; Overview</h2>



Provar and Copado are two prominent tools in the Salesforce test automation space, with differences in terms of features and use cases. Let’s discuss each of them in more detail.



<h3 id="h-what-is-provar">What is Provar?&nbsp;</h3>



Provar is a test automation tool that can be used for Salesforce applications as well.



<ul><li>&nbsp;It offers a codeless interface so that the test case can be created, executed, and managed efficiently without any barrier, whether one is technical or not.&nbsp;</li><li>The unique selling point of Provar is its profound integration with Salesforce; that is how it supports different types of business processes, custom objects, and configurations. This integration ensures that the tests are relevant and accurate.&nbsp;</li><li>Provar also supports functional and regression testing so that new changes do not disrupt existing functionalities.&nbsp;</li><li>Besides being user-friendly, Provar also offers advanced features such as data-driven testing, parameterization, and reusable test components.</li></ul>



Check out the list of <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/provar-alternatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">best Provar alternative tools</a>.



<h3 id="h-what-is-copado">What is Copado?</h3>



Copado is an all-inclusive DevOps platform.&nbsp;



<ul><li>It is built for maximizing efficiency in Salesforce development processes and deployments.&nbsp;</li><li>Even though the main goal of the platform is to offer robust version control, deployment management, and continuous integration/delivery, test automation is another essential aspect of its overall suite.&nbsp;</li><li>As far as the Salesforce test automation is concerned, Copado weaves automated testing as part of the change pipeline, and every time a new change is deployed, the test gets automatically executed.&nbsp;</li><li>While not as extensive as dedicated testing tools, the test automation features of Copado are more than sufficient to bring essential testing into the development workflow.&nbsp;</li><li>Copado automates the testing in the deployment pipeline, which means teams can bring new features and updates to their Salesforce applications at a much faster pace &#8211; none of which comes at the expense of quality.</li></ul>



Check out the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/copado-alternatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">best Copado alternative tools</a>.



<h2 id="h-provar-vs-copado-comparison-table">Provar vs Copado &#8211; Comparison Table</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td>Feature</td><td>Provar</td><td>Copado</td></tr><tr><td>Coding Requirement</td><td>Requires basic coding knowledge (Metadata &amp; SOQL)</td><td>Codeless, visual interface</td></tr><tr><td>Salesforce Test Automation</td><td>Supported</td><td>Supported</td></tr><tr><td>Test Creation</td><td>Manual script creation with drag-and-drop components</td><td>AI-powered recording and generation of test cases</td></tr><tr><td>Test Maintenance</td><td>Can be challenging as scripts may break with UI changes</td><td>Self-healing tests adapt to minor UI changes</td></tr><tr><td>Target Users</td><td>Technical testers, developers</td><td>Business users, admins, and technical testers</td></tr><tr><td>Scalability</td><td>Requires additional setup for parallel test execution</td><td>Built-in parallel test execution</td></tr><tr><td>Integration</td><td>Integrates with CI/CD tools like Jenkins</td><td>Native integration with Copado DevOps platform</td></tr><tr><td>Reporting</td><td>Customizable reports and dashboards</td><td>Integrated reports and dashboards within Copado</td></tr><tr><td>Pricing</td><td>Subscription-based, tailored to the number of users</td><td>Subscription-based, various plans available</td></tr><tr><td>Support for Other Platforms</td><td>Supports other platforms like Salesforce, SAP, and web apps</td><td>Primarily focused on Salesforce testing</td></tr><tr><td>Open Source</td><td>Proprietary</td><td>Based on Selenium</td></tr><tr><td>Community</td><td>Smaller community compared to Copado</td><td>Larger and active community with extensive resources</td></tr><tr><td>Learning Curve</td><td>Steeper learning curve due to coding requirements</td><td>Easier to learn due to the codeless interface</td></tr><tr><td>Test Data Management</td><td>Robust test data management features</td><td>Test data management included in the Copado platform</td></tr><tr><td>Mobile Testing</td><td>Supports mobile testing</td><td>Limited support for mobile testing</td></tr><tr><td>Customer Support</td><td>Dedicated customer support</td><td>Community and ticket-based support</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 id="h-which-is-the-best-alternative-tool-for-copado-and-provar">Which is the best alternative tool for Copado and Provar?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="1600" height="980" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/28193422/testsigma-2.png" alt="Testsigma - Test automation platform" class="wp-image-45760" srcset="https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/28193422/testsigma-2.png 1600w, https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/28193422/testsigma-2-768x470.png 768w, https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog-assets-production.testsigma.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/28193422/testsigma-2-1536x941.png 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



<a href="https://testsigma.com/">Testsigma</a> is an AI-powered test automation tool considered the best alternative to both Copado and Provar. It uniquely bundles simplicity, power, and flexibility for Salesforce test automation. Its cloud-based, low-code approach empowers teams to easily create and run complete test suites without requiring extensive coding expertise. You can easily create test cases in Testsigma using the natural English language or even automatically record test cases based on actions done on a Salesforce application.



Here’s a complete list of the <a href="https://testsigma.com/tools/salesforce-automation-testing-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">best Salesforce testing tools</a>.



Key Features and Capabilities of Testsigma for Salesforce Test Automation:



<ol><li>Low-Code Test Creation: Testsigma allows for test case creation using simple English or by recording user interactions, hence it is accessible to testers of all skills.</li><li>Salesforce-Specific Elements: It has built-in support for Salesforce-specific elements and APIs. It ensures that the testing of your salesforce applications takes place efficiently, precisely, and reliably.</li><li>Cross-Browser and Cross-Device Testing: Testsigma empowers you to run your Salesforce tests on different browsers and devices to offer consistency in user experience.</li><li>Data-driven testing: In Testsigma, tests can be parameterized with desired data sets or scenarios so as to make the test data-driven.</li><li>Integration with Salesforce Ecosystem: Testsigma integrates seamlessly with your Salesforce sandbox and production environments whereby, making all the test management and test execution simple.</li><li>CI/CD integration: It integrates with CI/CD pipelines making the process of testing automated and continuous resulting in quality builds.</li><li>AI-powered test maintenance: Testsigma uses AI to automatically spot and update tests when Salesforce UI changes, reducing maintenance efforts.</li><li>Comprehensive Reporting: Get detailed test reports and insights into test results, helping you pinpoint issues and improve your testing strategy.</li><li>Collaboration: It allows the team members to collaborate with features like shared test repositories, comments, and real-time updates.&nbsp;</li><li>Scalability: Testsigma&#8217;s cloud infrastructure and parallel testing capabilities allow one to scale the testing process as the salesforce application grows.</li></ol>



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<h2 id="h-provar-vs-copado-salesforce-test-automation-comparison">Provar vs Copado &#8211; Salesforce Test Automation Comparison</h2>



While Provar and Copado are both powerful tools for test automation in Salesforce, they vary significantly by approach, capability, and target user. The right tool for you will depend on your team&#8217;s skill set, testing requirements, and budget. In this regard, here is a comparison between Provar and Copado in terms of Salesforce test automation:



<ol><li>Test Creation Approach: Provar mainly relies on the manual creation of scripts with drag-and-drop components. In comparison, Copado uses AI-based test case generation and recording.</li><li>Coding Expertise: In-depth knowledge of Salesforce Metadata and SOQL is required for Provar for creating test scripts. With Copado, it&#8217;s codeless and thus doesn&#8217;t require any expertise in coding.</li><li>Test Maintenance: Provar tests, being tightly coupled with the Salesforce UI, may require more frequent updates due to changes to this UI. Tests created within Copado, on the other hand, use self-healing technology. This technology automatically flexes to minor changes in the UI.</li><li>Test Execution: Additional configurations are required in Provar for parallel test execution. In contrast, parallel testing is out-of-the-box for Copado, allowing it to deliver results much quicker than Provar.</li><li>Deployment Integration: Provar integrates relatively easily with most known CI/CD tools, such as Jenkins. Copado can integrate seamlessly with its own DevOps platform for easier deployment processes.</li><li>Reporting and Analytics: Both offer good reporting features, but Copado&#8217;s reports are natively integrated within its platform, so it&#8217;s a bit more unified.</li><li>Target Audience: Provar targets more technical testers and developers with some coding skills. At the same time, Copado has no technical requirements for its users as it is pretty user-friendly.</li><li>Customization: Provar allows maximum customization and flexibility in creating test scripts. On the other hand, Copado offers out-of-box Salesforce-specific test components to design faster tests.</li><li>Test Data Management: Both Provar and Copado provide comprehensive test data management capabilities.</li><li>Mobile testing: Provar has robust support for mobile testing of Salesforce applications, on the other hand, Copado&#8217;s mobile testing capabilities are fairly limited.</li><li>Community and Support: Copado has a larger, active community with proper resources, while Provar supports the customers via a small but very dedicated customer support team.</li></ol>



<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



To sum up, the choice of the best Salesforce test automation tool depends on your exact needs and priorities.&nbsp;



Provar provides comprehensive Salesforce integration and solid testing features for those seeking deep, codeless test automation.&nbsp;



On the other hand, Copado allows for a more holistic DevOps solution with integrated test automation for automating Salesforce testing processes.&nbsp;



However, Testsigma combines the power of both Provar and Copado and much more. It is a versatile option with an intuitive no-code interface and provides AI-driven capabilities and seamless CI/CD for deep test automation for Salesforce applications as well as other web, mobile, and API-based applications.



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="h-can-we-migrate-test-data-from-provar-or-copado-to-testsigma">Can we migrate test data from Provar or Copado to Testsigma?</h3>



Migrating your test cases from Provar or Copado to Testsigma is quite easy and simple. You can export your existing test cases and test data from Provar or Copado into formats like CSV or JSON. Testsigma provides support for data-driven testing and you can easily import these files and parameterize your Testsigma test cases with the exported data. Moreover, for custom integration in case of more complex migration use cases, you can always use Testsigma&#8217;s flexible API.

Provar vs Copado | Which is Best for Salesforce Test Automation?

ACCELQ vs Tosca – Which One You Should Choose?

Testing mobile phone number fields sounds simple and it is, but it can be complex if multiple locations (countries) are supported. Phone number formats are often different depending on the country or nation. Supported locations make a difference when testing phone number formats, number entry patterns, and error messaging based on type and location.



<a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/what-is-test-case/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test cases</a> for mobile numbers vary based on a user&#8217;s global location (country). The application design or requirements are likely based on a specific location or multiple locations. If your documentation doesn’t specify, ask the product manager, designer, or developer for all supported locations to test against.&nbsp;







<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_a_Mobile_Number_Field">1 What is a Mobile Number Field</a></li><li><a href="#Test_Cases_For_the_Mobile_Number_Field">2 Test Cases For the Mobile Number Field</a></li><li><a href="#Manual_and_Automatednbsp">3 Manual and Automated&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Summary">4 Summary</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">5 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_are_the_negative_test_cases_for_the_phone_number_field">5.1 What are the negative test cases for the phone number field?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-a-mobile-number-field">What is a Mobile Number Field</h2>



A mobile number field is a representation of a user’s phone number. The format, style, and characters accepted change based on specific application requirements and whether the application is using the E.164 (The International Public Telecommunication Numbering Plan) standard and/or the NANP (North American Numbering Plan).&nbsp;



Test cases for mobile phones need to consider both the <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/locale/telephone-numbers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">E.164 and NANP</a> if the application is sold globally. The E.164 sets a number limit of 15 characters including a three-digit country code. All nations using the NANP have a country code of 1 and a ten-digit number character limit. The first set of numbers represent the country code followed by the regional code and then the phone number.&nbsp;



<h2 id="test-cases-for-the-mobile-number-field">Test Cases For the Mobile Number Field</h2>



Phone number test cases are assumed in this blog to support both the E.164 and the NANP. We’ve listed the valid test cases first, followed by a few suggested tests for negative or error messaging testing.&nbsp;



Mobile number test cases for functional testing include:



<ul><li>Verify the mobile phone field exists and accepts data entry.</li><li>Enter a valid phone format for a specific location (US and other nations)<ul><li>Verify the user must include the country or area code.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify NANP standards apply to the United States, Canada, and Jamaica.</li><li>Verify E-164 standards apply to all other countries.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify any countries that don’t follow the E-164 standard.&nbsp;</li></ul></li><li>Copy and paste a valid number from a different form field.</li><li>If the mobile number field is required, verify there is a visual indicator to let the user know valid data must be entered.</li><li>Depending on the field design, including special characters to separate numbers like parentheses and dashes:<ul><li>Example: (202) 444-9876.</li></ul></li><li>If the application uses drop down selectors, select a valid country and enter a valid number for that location.</li><li>Select the country code dropdown and view the list of supported country formats.&nbsp;<ul><li>Verify the list is in alphabetical order for easier viewing.&nbsp;</li><li>Verify the number selected displays in the field as expected.&nbsp;</li></ul></li><li>Test that the tab order stops in the mobile phone field and allows the user to enter a valid number.&nbsp;</li><li>View the field and check that it aligns as expected with other fields and within a group.&nbsp;</li></ul>



Mobile number negative test cases include:



<ul><li>Exceeding the allowed character limit.</li><li>Entering a correct country or area code with an invalid number for that location.</li><li>Enter an invalid country or area code with a valid number.</li><li>Enter in numeric characters with alpha characters.<ul><li>Example: 1404abc9877.</li></ul></li><li>Enter a valid country code and a phone number that’s one or more numbers to short for the selected location.&nbsp;</li><li>Enter a valid country code and a phone number that exceeds the character limit for the location.</li><li>Enter a valid phone number but include various special characters (!@#$%^&amp;*())<ul><li>Example: 1720(3457)</li><li>Example: 005588#</li></ul></li><li>Enter as many characters as the field allows up to 100.&nbsp;<ul><li>This test sounds silly, but it’s a good way to verify that the application is coded to avoid mass data entry.&nbsp;</li></ul></li><li>Enter a scripted SQL or HTML coded string.&nbsp;<ul><li>This test checks that the field does not execute code.&nbsp;</li><li>Example: 18084560&lt;bold&gt;97&lt;/bold&gt;</li></ul></li><li>If the mobile phone field is required, try to enter and save information without filling it in.&nbsp;<ul><li>Optionally, try filling the mobile phone field with invalid data or partial valid numbers.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>



For each negative test case, verify an error message is triggered indicating the error so the user can understand the problem and make corrections. Remember it’s good practice to have a peer or developer to <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-case-review/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review test cases</a> when possible. The better the test case, the better the test coverage.&nbsp;



<h2 id="manual-and-automated">Manual and Automated&nbsp;</h2>



The table below gives you an example of typical test scenarios for creating manual test cases for mobile numbers:



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td>Test ID</td><td>Description</td><td>Expected Result</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Verify the mobile phone field exists and accepts data entry.</td><td>Confirm the field exists and is enabled to allow users to enter data.&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Enter a valid phone format for each specific location format supported.&nbsp;</td><td>Verify each supported format allows users to enter a valid phone number into the field without resulting in an error.&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>If the application uses drop down selectors, select a valid country and enter a valid number for that location.</td><td>Select each drop down option in turn and verify it matches with a valid phone number.&nbsp;Confirm no error messages are generated.&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Test that the tab order stops in the mobile phone field and allows the user to enter a valid number.</td><td>Tab through the form or page fields and verify it lands as expected in the mobile phone field.&nbsp;Enter a valid number and verify no errors are generated.&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



The above table is a sampling only. You can write as many test cases as you need to cover requirements and standard functionality within your application. Additionally, you can create test cases in a design that fits with your development and QA team.&nbsp;



Creating test cases for mobile phones are excellent candidates for test automation. For creating test cases for mobile phones consider using Low code test automation platform, Testsigma and organize your tests in the following modular flow as below:



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td>Test ID</td><td>Description</td><td>Expected Result</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Click into the mobile phone field.&nbsp;Enter test data for a valid US based phone number: 1+(309)665-9087</td><td>Validate the correct phone number displays and is saved without error.&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Click into the mobile phone field. Enter test data for a valid UK phone number: +44&nbsp; 20 7123 4567 NOTE: Consider using Testsigma’s automation tool to run through all valid formats in a single test. Add validation points for each valid type.&nbsp;</td><td>Validate the correct phone number displays and is saved without error.&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Create a test script that enters all required fields with valid data including the mobile phone field.&nbsp; Click the Save/Submit button when all fields are filled.&nbsp;</td><td>Verify for each supported format type the application enters valid data into the database and saves/submits without error.&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>In the application form, enter valid phone numbers for each supported location type but leave off at least one digit.</td><td>Validate each supported format type generates the correct error message.&nbsp; Enter a validation point for each format’s specific error message.&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



Note, the above is a sample. You can learn how to use Testsigma to create automated scripts for each manual functional test &#8211; both positive and negative. Remember to create the relevant test data and ensure the data can be reset or refreshed for future automated test execution runs.&nbsp;



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<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>



Phone number test cases at first seem quite easy and simple. However, once you start testing for all supported formats, there is a great deal of testing to cover. Due to mobile phone number test cases being repetitive, consider using Testsigma to create automated test scripts.&nbsp;



The first step for either automated or manual testing is understanding the relevant requirements and creating a thorough set of test data.&nbsp;



Testers don’t have the luxury of time to continually look up valid phone numbers for every location or country/region. Save your testing time by creating a full set of valid numbers or generating them using a test automation tool. Ensure you have fully covered testing in the field using both positive, negative, and error messaging test cases.&nbsp;



<h2 id="frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="what-are-the-negative-test-cases-for-the-phone-number-field">What are the negative test cases for the phone number field?</h3>



Test cases for mobile numbers are considered negative whenever the format or character type is invalid. A negative test can also be a violation of the character length.

How to write Test cases for mobile number

Accelq vs Selenium – Which One You Should Choose?

Scriptless Test Automation | What , Why it Matters & Examples

Desk checking is an essential technique in software development and testing that involves a thorough manual review of source code. It is one of the first lines of defense against bugs and errors, providing a unique opportunity for developers and testers to understand and verify code before it proceeds to more formal testing phases. This technique not only aids in detecting errors but also enhances the overall quality and reliability of the software product.



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Desk_Checking_in_software_testing">1 What is Desk Checking in software testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Advantages_of_Desk_Checking">2 Advantages of Desk Checking</a></li><li><a href="#Best_Practices_in_Desk_Checking">3 Best Practices in Desk Checking</a></li><li><a href="#Use_Case_Desk_Checking_for_an_E-commerce_Application">4 Use Case: Desk Checking for an E-commerce Application</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion">5 Conclusion</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-desk-checking-in-software-testing">What is Desk Checking in software testing?</h2>



In the realm of <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/software-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">software testing</a>, desk checking is considered a static testing method where code is analyzed manually without executing it. The process involves a developer or a tester going through the code line by line to check for logical errors, syntax inconsistencies, and compliance with coding standards and requirements. This method can be conducted by the coder who wrote the software, a peer, or a testing professional, often involving discussions or sessions where the logic and approach of the code are debated and scrutinized.



<h2 id="advantages-of-desk-checking">Advantages of Desk Checking</h2>



Desk checking offers multiple advantages that make it an invaluable tool in the software development lifecycle:



<ol><li>Early Error Detection: By identifying errors at an early stage, desk checking helps in mitigating the costs associated with later stages of testing and maintenance.</li><li>Improved Code Quality: As errors are detected and fixed early, the overall quality of the code improves, leading to more stable and reliable software.</li><li>Enhanced Understanding: This technique provides testers and developers with a deeper understanding of the code&#8217;s functionality and logic, which is crucial for effective testing and maintenance.</li><li>Cost&#8211;Effective: It is a cost-effective method of testing as it does not require any additional tools or software and can significantly reduce the future costs of debugging and development.</li><li>Facilitates Collaboration: Desk checking often involves multiple members of the development team, fostering better communication and collaboration, and shared understanding of the project goals and methodologies.</li></ol>



<h2 id="best-practices-in-desk-checking">Best Practices in Desk Checking</h2>



To maximize the effectiveness of desk checking, consider the following best practices:



<ol><li>Include Diverse Team Members: Engage individuals from different backgrounds such as development, testing, and design to provide multiple perspectives.</li><li>Prepare and Plan: Ensure that the code is well-documented and that all necessary materials (such as requirements, design documents, and coding standards) are available before the session.</li><li>Use Checklists: Develop checklists based on common error patterns in previous projects to ensure that critical aspects are not overlooked.</li><li>Record Findings: Document all observations and decisions made during the desk check for future reference and action.</li><li>Follow Up: It’s essential to address the findings from desk checking promptly. Plan follow-up sessions if needed to verify that corrections are properly implemented.</li></ol>



While conducting desk checks, there are certain pitfalls that need to be avoided:



<ol><li>Overlooking Complexity: Complex pieces of code should be given extra attention and might require more time or a different approach to thoroughly understand and check.</li><li>Bias: There can be a tendency to overlook errors in one&#8217;s own code or to not critique a peer’s code thoroughly. An unbiased approach is critical.</li><li>Inadequate Preparation: Without proper preparation, desk checking sessions can be less productive. Participants should be well-prepared with a good understanding of the code and related documents.</li><li>Lack of Engagement: All participants should be actively involved in the process to provide insights and identify potential issues.</li></ol>



<h2 id="use-case-desk-checking-for-an-e-commerce-application">Use Case: Desk Checking for an E-commerce Application</h2>



Scenario:



An e-commerce company is developing a new feature for their online shopping platform that allows users to apply multiple discount codes at checkout. The development team has just completed the initial coding phase of this feature.



Steps:



<ul><li>Preparation: <ul><li>Developer prepares the code and documentation, including the logic flow and any assumptions made during development. </li><li>A meeting is called to conduct the desk check.</li></ul></li><li>Initial Review:<ul><li>Developer presents the code, explaining the logic they implemented to handle multiple discount codes and how they interact with existing features like promotional discounts and loyalty points.</li><li>QA engineer reviews the code line by line, checking for logical consistency and adherence to the requirements specified in the design document.</li></ul></li><li>Identification of Issues:<ul><li>QA engineer identifies a section of the code that could lead to a race condition where two discounts are applied simultaneously in a way that exceeds the total cart value.</li><li>BA’s acknowledge the oversight and discuss possible solutions with developers.</li></ul></li><li>Resolution and Action Items:<ul><li>The team agrees on a strategy to modify the code to handle exceptions more gracefully, including adding additional checks for discount combinations that are not allowed.</li><li>Developer takes notes on all feedback and agrees to revise the code accordingly. They schedule a follow-up session for the team to review the changes.</li></ul></li><li>Documentation and Follow-up:<ul><li>QA engineer documents the findings and the agreed-upon action items in the project&#8217;s issue tracking system.</li><li>Project manager updates the project timeline to include additional time for re-testing the updated feature.</li></ul></li><li>Code Revision and Re-check:<ul><li>Developer revises the code, incorporating all feedback. Once the updates are made, he invites the team for a second desk check.</li><li>The team reviews the revised code, confirming that all previously identified issues have been resolved effectively.</li></ul></li><li>Final Approval and Move to Testing:<ul><li>QA engineer prepares to conduct <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/formal-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formal testing</a>, including both automated and manual test cases, to ensure the feature works as expected under various scenarios.</li></ul></li></ul>



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<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



Desk checking is a fundamental practice in the testing strategy of any software development project. It not only helps in identifying and fixing errors early but also promotes a deeper understanding of the code among team members. By adhering to best practices and being mindful of common pitfalls, teams can effectively leverage desk checking to enhance software quality and reduce development time and costs. As technology evolves, the principles of desk checking remain relevant, underscoring its importance in achieving high-quality software products.

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