As technology and industry become more complex, so does software. Any app or site being developed must now cater to the preferences and needs of people from different regions, demographic segments and life experiences. To make sure that people with such differing requirements get what they want out of an app or website, Quality Assurance engineers need to perform something called Extensive Testing.



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Extensive_Testing">1 What is Extensive Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Perform_Extensive_testing">2 How to Perform Extensive testing</a></li><li><a href="#When_should_you_Make_Test_Automation_a_Part_of_Extensive_Testing">3 When should you Make Test Automation a Part of Extensive Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Perform_Automated_Extensive_Testing_with_Testsigma">4 How to Perform Automated Extensive Testing with Testsigma?</a></li><li><a href="#Summary">5 Summary</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">6 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#When_should_you_perform_extensive_testing">6.1 When should you perform extensive testing?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-extensive-testing">What is Extensive Testing?</h2>



Extensive testing, also known as exhaustive testing, involves verifying a software program’s response to all input combinations. Like the name suggests, it requires QAs to run all input combinations into the system and monitor results.&nbsp;



You test the software exhaustively – every function, every UI element, every UX metric. This technique provides a 360-degree analysis of the app’s functionality and user experience. It is directly responsible for improving software efficiency and usability for end-users.&nbsp;



It’s important to understand that you can never test every possible scenario, simply because that is impossible to predict. There will always be a minor user scenario left untested, but comprehensive testing will ensure that the flaws left behind are not big enough to affect UX.



However, modern extensive testing comes very close to eliminating all bugs but attacking the system with every possible input variable. Needless to say, it’s a time-consuming technique, but it produces bug-free software.



<h2 id="h-how-to-perform-extensive-testing">How to Perform Extensive testing</h2>



The following strategies are commonly deployed as part of an extensive testing approach:



<ul><li>Monitor the application’s recovery rate through self-analysis by the dev team. Functions with high recovery require less testing than the ones with low recovery. </li><li>Run <a href="https://testsigma.com/regression-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regression tests</a> after every bug fix to validate that all functions are working as expected after any system changes. </li><li>Run risk assessments on the application to estimate how certain low-recovery functions can impact other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_component" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">software components</a>. These are the functions that require a closer look via extensive testing. </li><li>Look at all previous tests and narrow in on the features that are most likely to fail. The failing modules are the ones that require extensive testing. </li><li>Use ad-hoc testing and break down testing for individual modules to detect minor defects. </li><li>Reach out to stakeholders (analysts, product managers, customer support personnel) – and get reviews on the app’s workings. This will add more perspective to your quality control operations. </li><li>Use focus testing to craft relevant user scenarios for more precise, targeted testing. </li><li>Revise and refresh test cases for every test that requires different variables. Since extensive testing requires pushing all input variables, this is an essential step.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-when-should-you-make-test-automation-a-part-of-extensive-testing">When should you Make Test Automation a Part of Extensive Testing?</h2>



You should incorporate test automation into your extensive testing plans when you come across the following scenarios in your <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDLC" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">SDLC</a>:



<ul><li>When the project requires QAs to run a large number of repetitive tests, such as regression testing. Some tests require the same user actions, but with different input values each time. These tests can also, for the most part, be automated. <gwmw style="display:none;"></gwmw></li><li>When it’s most cost effective to automate the extensive tests. Manually testing every or most features of an application would require hiring a large number of testers. It would also take these testers more time to finish their tasks, because humans move slower than machines. Without automation, releasing software would take many more weeks or months – leading to a longer time to market and killing the app’s competitive value. </li><li>When you need to scale up your testing capacity by running tests simultaneously or in parallel. Most modern QA teams, even large ones, can only do so much in a few weeks with running <a href="https://testsigma.com/parallel-test-runs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parallel tests</a>. Automation engines like TestSigma are required to empower QAs and get more done in a short measure of time. </li><li>When you cannot afford to be undone by human error from tired and overworked testing. Extensive testing requires extensive work. Manually testers cannot be expected to stay up for days on end, scan through software functions and provide 100% accurate results. However, this is a common expectation from a test automation tool. It does not get tired and it does not make mistakes.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-perform-automated-extensive-testing-with-testsigma">How to Perform Automated Extensive Testing with Testsigma?<gwmw style="display:none;"></h2>



Testsigma is a cloud-based test automation platform that lets you automate your end-to-end UI tests for web, mobile, desktop applications and APIs from the same place.&nbsp;



Testsigma also lets you automate your tests in simple English, thus you don’t need to worry about coding.&nbsp;



Testsigma is a complete platform where you can easily author, execute and get reports for test execution in very short time.



With all above features and more, Testsigma is a perfect tool to augment your extensive testing.



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Automate your tests for web, mobile, desktop applications and APIs, 10x faster, with Testsigma
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<h2 id="h-summary">Summary</h2>



Extensive testing is the last line of defense against major bugs in any software system. It casts a wide net for bugs, anomalies and errors that may tarnish user experience for end-users. It is the final filter in <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/quality-assurance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quality Assurance</a> processes – a time-consuming filter with multiple techniques and strategies to eliminate as many software issues as humanly possible.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="h-when-should-you-perform-extensive-testing">When should you perform extensive testing?</h3>



Extensive testing should be the final step in the testing cycle. After all other tests have been executed, extensive testing comes in to validate the entire software system. Of course, it is possible to insert elements or techniques of extensive testing at different intervals within the testing pipeline. For example, insert regression tests after every major bug fix, perform risk assessments before testing commences, use focused testing to zero in on sensitive software areas, etc.&nbsp;



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<ts-linktext-value>Software Testing Fundamentals</ts-linktext-value>
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Extensive Testing in Software Testing: What it Is & How to Perform It

The Role of AI in DevOps [Tester’s Edition]

As with any form of creation, manufacturing, and development, it is better to identify problems sooner rather than later. Regarding software development and testing, this is exceptionally true.&nbsp;



When it comes to pushing high-quality software, defect prevention is integral. Catching bugs and anomalies early makes it much easier to resolve them, as opposed to dealing with their effects once they have been enmeshed into the system.&nbsp;



In this piece, we’ll dive into the definition, necessity, and principles of defect prevention.&nbsp; We’ll also discuss techniques to perform defect prevention and the integral role of automation in this layer of quality assurance.&nbsp;



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Defect_Prevention">1 What is Defect Prevention?</a></li><li><a href="#Advantages_of_Early_Defect_Detection">2 Advantages of Early Defect Detection</a></li><li><a href="#Principles_of_Defect_Preventionnbsp">3 Principles of Defect Prevention&nbsp;</a><ul><li><a href="#Software_Requirements_Analysis">3.1 Software Requirements Analysis</a></li><li><a href="#Reviews_Self-Review_and_Peer_Review">3.2 Reviews: Self-Review and Peer Review</a></li><li><a href="#Defect_Logging_and_Documentation">3.3 Defect Logging and Documentation</a></li><li><a href="#Root_Cause_Analysis_and_Preventive_Measures_Determination">3.4 Root Cause Analysis and Preventive Measures Determination</a></li><li><a href="#Embedding_Procedures_into_Software_Development_Process">3.5 Embedding Procedures into Software Development Process</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Role_played_by_Test_Automation_in_Defect_Prevention">4 Role played by Test Automation in Defect Prevention</a></li><li><a href="#Summary">5 Summary</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">6 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_a_checklist_and_how_does_it_prevent_defects">6.1 What is a checklist and how does it prevent defects?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_the_difference_between_defect_detection_and_defect_prevention">6.2 What is the difference between defect detection and defect prevention?</a></li><li><a href="#How_does_QA_prevent_defects">6.3 How does QA prevent defects?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-defect-prevention">What is Defect Prevention?</h2>



Defect prevention is a strategy in the SDLC that is deployed to identify and target the root causes of any defects. The process involves analyzing defects appearing in past projects, laying down distinct checkpoints in the pipelines, and taking action to prevent the emergence of similar defects/bugs/anomalies in the future.&nbsp;



Defect Prevention is built on the extraction of and sharing of technical knowledge between QA teams or testing projects. Prevention methods are used to improve quality and productivity while keeping development costs low.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-advantages-of-early-defect-detection">Advantages of Early Defect Detection</h2>



<ul><li>Defects are much easier to handle if discovered at an early stage. Rigorous detection cycles can identify potential issues before they snowball into bigger, more expensive problems. Think of it as examining the raw materials in a manufacturing process before sending them into the manufacturing pipeline. </li><li>Reduces rework, waste and minimizes the risk of customer complaints and app uninstallations. </li><li>Allows teams to monitor operations, analyze data, and narrow down testing areas for optimization and change. Leads to lower cycle times, higher efficiency rates, and targeted utilization of resources. This inevitably translates to cost savings. </li><li>Frees up dev and QA time that would otherwise be spent dealing with completely avoidable bugs. </li><li>Forces test leaders to think in terms of prevention and optimization when designing test cases, scripts, and implementation guidelines. </li><li>Involves collaboration with all stakeholders so as to prioritize what defects and bugs should be quickly detected, based on user paths, preferences, actions and business needs.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-principles-of-defect-prevention">Principles of Defect Prevention&nbsp;</h2>



<h3 id="h-software-requirements-analysis">Software Requirements Analysis</h3>



Defects in the requirements and design phase will translate to foundational source code, if not rooted out at the source. Requirements-based defects are the hardest to eliminate after coding begins, because it often means undoing protocols that prop up the whole system.&nbsp;



These defects cannot be found via traditional testing methods. They require review and inspections after the documents are finalized.&nbsp;



Read More: <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/techniques-to-prevent-software-bugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Techniques To Prevent Software Bugs</a>



“According to Crosstalk, the Journal of Defense Software Engineering, “most failures in software products are due to errors in the requirements and design phases—as high as 64 percent of total defect costs.” <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/technology/deloitte-uk-your-bad-requirements-are-costing-you-money.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Source</a>



All software requirements and designs must be reviewed to ensure that the requirements accurately reflect customer needs. Consider running sessions between devs and customers so the software creators understand what they need to prioritize in their code.&nbsp;



<h3 id="h-reviews-self-review-and-peer-review">Reviews: Self-Review and Peer Review</h3>



Self-reviews and peer reviews refine code quality by bringing multiple pairs of eyes on the source code. These reviews are excellent for ferreting out algorithm implementations, holes in logic, and missing conditions. The self-review helps the developer clean up any obvious flaws they might have missed in a rush, while the peer reviews provide a new POV and the expertise of a fellow teammate or manager.&nbsp;



<h3 id="h-defect-logging-and-documentation">Defect Logging and Documentation</h3>



All defects must be tracked, logged, investigated, and reported. Ideally, QAs should suggest structures/steps to resolve defects, but that usually only works out when the workload is not overwhelming (and it usually is).&nbsp;



When considering the purchase of a <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/defect-tracking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">defect tracking</a> or <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/defect-management/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">defect management</a> tool, check for the following features:



<ul><li>Allows QAs to provide complete descriptions of each defect so that devs understand the problem in its entirety.&nbsp;</li><li>Allows QAs to clarify at which phase of software testing the defects have been encountered.&nbsp;</li><li>Allows QAs to upload screenshots/videos for further clarification.</li><li>Contains space to mention the names of QAs who find each defect, so that they can be contacted by devs if so required.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-root-cause-analysis-and-preventive-measures-determination">Root Cause Analysis and Preventive Measures Determination</h3>



Once defects are logged, they must be examined. Often a meeting (initiated by the project manager/coordinator) is required to explore root causes of as many defects as possible.&nbsp;



This stage – <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/defect-analysis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">defect analysis</a> – aims to achieve the following:&nbsp;



<ul><li>Improving software quality by finding and neutralizing as many defects as possible, as early as possible. This requires examination of their root causes.&nbsp;</li><li>Understanding how the defect operates and what function it hinders by speaking directly to the QAs who found it.</li><li>Diving into systemic errors whose cause is buried in the foundation structure of the source code. These bugs are the hardest to handle, and must necessarily be addressed at early stages of the SDLC.</li></ul>



<h3 id="h-embedding-procedures-into-software-development-process">Embedding Procedures into Software Development Process</h3>



Read More: <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/defect-removal-efficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Defect Removal Efficiency: How To Calculate It For Test Automation</a>



The last stage of defect prevention requires teams to take their learnings from the analysis stage and use them to optimize the development process. It requires the entire team to figure out ways to modify existing processes, introduce new practices, and provide proof that these changes will have a tangible positive impact on final outcomes.&nbsp;



A few tips to achieve the above:



<ul><li>Provide monthly status reports of the team mentioning recurrent serious defects and analyses. </li><li>Monthly (ideally) or fortnightly meetings to inform all stakeholders about the state of the SDLC and any major defects that choke its efficacy. </li><li>Taking the time to regularly push for and implement better prevention measures into the SDLC (as far as stakeholder approval makes it possible). </li><li>Monitoring the SDLC before and after implementation defect prevention tactics. Have they actually led to a reduction in the number of defects?</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-role-played-by-test-automation-in-defect-prevention">Role played by Test Automation in Defect Prevention</h2>



Traditionally, test automation has been used to identify defects and refine the QA process by taking human effort out of repetitive and time-intensive tasks. Instead of running a regression test manually for the 6th time, testers can focus on complex problems that machines cannot solve.&nbsp;



Test automation plays the most integral role in defect prevention – finding defects quickly and easily. By creating suitable test scripts, QAs can automate predetermined user actions and analyze the actual results without having to run each step themselves.&nbsp;



Take acceptance tests as an example. Teams can build a set of criteria that denote that software functioning is “acceptable” and deploy automation tools like Testsigma to follow the script and generate error-free results.&nbsp;



Not only does test automation reduce the time and effort required to sniff out major and minor defects, it also takes human error out of the equations. Human eyes and minds are naturally prone to error, especially when they are looking at the same screen and performing the same action over hours. Machines, fed with appropriate and comprehensive input parameters, do not have the same problem. They do not get tired and they do not make human mistakes.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-summary">Summary</h2>



Quality Assurance doesn’t just eliminate bugs as they show up. In its larger context, QA professionals envision and implement systems to better filter out defects that hamper software performance and user experience.&nbsp;



As technology evolves, so do the defects that infect it. Defect prevention takes a step back from immediate debugging (though that is still very much a part of it) and applies testers’ real-world experiences to development and testing contexts.&nbsp;



Defect prevention reduces testing costs, effort and time. It has a direct positive impact on the ROI of QA budgets, because it examines the cause rather than the symptoms of software malfunction.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-a-checklist-and-how-does-it-prevent-defects">What is a checklist and how does it prevent defects?</h3>



A checklist is used by QA engineers to note down all steps or tasks to be accomplished in a project. In the defect prevention ecosystem, checklists offer a systematic approach to everything that needs to be done to actually prevent defects.&nbsp;



QAs refer to checklists to confirm that every user step and bug detection mechanism has been enacted or implemented. It is directly useful for improving efficiency, quality, and safety mechanisms.&nbsp;



<h3 id="h-what-is-the-difference-between-defect-detection-and-defect-prevention">What is the difference between defect detection and defect prevention?</h3>



As the phrases themselves suggest, defect detection is confined to the act of identifying defects in the software as it is developed. Defect prevention, on the other hand, uses experience from past projects to create and embed practices that prevent too many defects from emerging in the first place.&nbsp;



Defect detection is part of defect prevention, but not vice-versa.&nbsp;



<h3 id="h-how-does-qa-prevent-defects">How does QA prevent defects?</h3>



The process of Quality Assurance (QA) focuses primarily on finding, tracking, analyzing, reporting, and eliminating defects in software. It also involves building systems to prevent defects from showing up too frequently by addressing the common root causes. By studying such causes, software behavior, and user expectations, experts can put appropriate filters to prevent <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/defect-leakage-in-software-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">defect leakage</a> in place. They can also recommend best practices that minimize the likelihood of bugs emerging from errors in requirements, design blueprints, and rushed coding.

Defect Prevention Principles, Methods and Techniques

Multi-Tenancy Testing: What it is & How to Perform It

What is Installation Testing – Types & How To Do It

What Is an Emulator Types, Top Benefits & Examples

What Is an Emulator? Types, Top Benefits & Examples

Gap Testing | What it is & How Do You Do a Gap Analysis?

Most QA pipelines must necessarily include, among other test types, exploratory testing. However, adequately comprehensive exploratory testing requires a certain measure of planning and organization – testing objectives, the features to “explore” in the test, expected results, how to record the actual results, and more.&nbsp;



All this information needs to be streamlined into a singular, self-explanatory document, accessible and understandable to the right people. In the QA ecosystem, this document is called a test charter.&nbsp;



In this article, we’ll dive into the definition, nature, benefits, format, and usage of test charters. Think of this as your first step into understanding and creating project-optimal test charters.&nbsp;



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_a_Test_Charter">1 What is a Test Charter?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_do_we_need_a_test_charter">2 Why do we need a test charter?</a></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_Test_Charters">3 Benefits of Test Charters</a><ul><li><a href="#How_to_Develop_a_Test_Charter">3.1 How to Develop a Test Charter</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Test_Charter_Format_Free_Template">4 Test Charter Format (Free Template)</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion">5 Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions">6 Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_an_exploratory_test_charter">6.1 What is an exploratory test charter?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-a-test-charter">What is a Test Charter?</h2>



Test charter refers to a document providing an overview of the parameters, goals, and plans governing a test session. It includes information defining the feature under test, the premise/query, the required tool, possible risks, data dependencies, and expected results as well as deadlines.&nbsp;



At a high-level, it is a manual for <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/exploratory-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exploratory testing</a> sessions. It answers questions such as:



<ul><li>What is the primary goal of this test session?</li><li>How long is the test session?</li><li>Which feature(s) will be tested in this session?</li><li>What tools are required for this test session?</li><li>What are the expected results of the test?</li><li>What are the user expectations and requirements for this feature?</li><li>How do I record the actual results?</li><li>Who do I report the results to, once the test is completed?</li></ul>



It is best to assign one test charter to a single session. This helps isolate features when testing and recording results. It also ensures that testers can focus on a single feature, and really get into its systematic operations to verify functionality.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-why-do-we-need-a-test-charter">Why do we need a test charter?</h2>



Simply put, we need a test charter because exploratory testing does not follow predefined steps. It also does not come with “expected results&#8221; set in stone. This is because the point of the test is to “explore”; testers literally explore the software with the intent to come across any bugs within each feature.&nbsp;



Note: Exploratory testing is usually not part of <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test automation</a> suites. It requires human judgment, and must necessarily be manually tested. 



 <button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Learn more about test automation</a></button> 



Now, this does not mean that testers “explore” the system randomly. They are chosen for their experience, so they know what to look for, and how users would navigate an app or page. They are also given detailed information about requirements, user expectations, and the software’s main functions – all included in the test charter.&nbsp;



The charter helps testers stay focused during exploratory sessions. By designating a single feature and laying out our user expectations, the test charter ensures that QAs do not get bogged down in unnecessary details. They don’t end up testing irrelevant components or verifying aspects that end-users don’t care about (at this stage of testing).



Despite providing a guiding principle, good test charters also encourage diverse and creative thinking. They don’t tell QAs what to test, but give them the core values for the session. QAs keep the primary variable (user expectations, software design) as the base of their action, and then use their industry experience to replicate common and uncommon user scenarios.&nbsp;



Since test charters don’t restrict testers’ actions, they lead to more interesting and experimental test scenarios. That is always a good thing because it generates innovative thinking.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-benefits-of-test-charters">Benefits of Test Charters</h2>



<ul><li>Facilitates continuous learning: Test charters provide an organized framework for test design, and execution, as well as for interpreting results and extracting accurate learnings. While exploratory testing is always left to the tester’s volition (they decide how to use a certain feature, without predetermined test steps). However, the test charter provides them with relevant information to better guide the testers’ efforts. An important part of that is evaluating the right variables and identifying opportunities for improvement, be it for the software or the testing process. Test charters streamline exploratory testing without limiting the testers’ autonomy. </li><li>Assists with innovation and sharing knowledge: Test charters provide structure, direction, and a central repository for every tester to add their conclusions. As is well known, agile development and testing flourish best when individual members and teams collaborate. Test charters provide sufficient context for such collaboration. They record the intent and duration of each session, enabling quicker feedback cycles and analysis.  These charters provide the framework for testers to apply their domain knowledge, intuition, analysis, and user-first thinking. </li><li>Helps find bugs not predicted in other tests: Since exploratory testing is unplanned in execution, it reveals bugs that other planned tests do not. With no test scripts, exploratory testers are free to literally do anything they want on a certain software application. Unpredictable user actions will automatically increase the likelihood of finding bugs no one expected when creating test cases and scripts. By directing and structuring exploratory testing, test charters expand test coverage, extending it to the blind spots of other tests. It provides a significant failsafe mechanism for all <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/software-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">software testing</a> projects. </li></ul>



<h3 id="h-how-to-develop-a-test-charter">How to Develop a Test Charter</h3>



The key to developing an effective test charter is to be methodical. Break down the process into steps using an outline focused on software requirements and projected user preferences. Additionally, be aware that all elements of the test charter will change as the project and software under development evolve.&nbsp;



<ul><li>Start by isolating the feature to be tested.&nbsp;</li><li>Note down all relevant project specifications, user stories, risk assessment, and technical as well as business requirements.&nbsp;</li><li>Create the “test idea” i.e., the idea around which the test will proceed. This is up to the QA, who will create it using their experience and intuition.&nbsp;</li><li>Detail the resources, data, tools, and environment requirements for the test.&nbsp;</li><li>Mention the goals of the test session.&nbsp;</li><li>Highlight the expected results.&nbsp;</li><li>Describe the process for noting results (whether to take screenshots, record video, etc.)</li><li>Finally, state possible obstacles that may be encountered during the test. These hazards can be estimated reasonably accurately by experienced testers who understand the product end-to-end.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-test-charter-format-free-template">Test Charter Format (Free Template)</h2>



At a high level, every test charter should include the following variables:



<ul><li>Name: The charter name should describe the test in question. For example, “Profile creation for new users on &lt;application name&gt; or “Testing review mechanisms (leaving comments, star or number reviews)”. The idea is to describe the purpose of the test charter upfront so that anyone else viewing this document immediately knows its purpose and content. “Quick attacks around profile creation” or “Test multi-user comments, permissions, and race conditions within and out of group membership.” </li><li>Test area: Mention and describe the feature to be tested. Additionally, describe the test harness used in the session. </li><li>Date and time: Mention the date and time of the test’s starting. </li><li>Tester’s Name: Self-explanatory. </li><li>Task Breakdown: The tester describes, as an overview, the direction of the test and steps to be taken within the session. </li><li>Duration: How long will the test take or is expected to take? </li><li>Test Design &amp; Execution: This section should comprise information about how the actual test is conducted, and what steps the tester actually took. This can be filled in detail after the test is completed (since exploratory tests are unplanned). Simply describe the actions taken during the test. Don’t forget to include the observations gathered during said test. </li><li>Bug reports: Describe the bugs found, the nature of each, at what point in the test they showed up, and what anomalies are showing up with each bug and steps to reproduce them. This would largely be information about bugs captured through screen recording, screenshots, text logs, etc. For convenience’s sake, number or name each bug. </li><li>Session setup: Detail the tools, test data, and test environment to be prepped before the test begins. </li><li>Charter vs. Opportunity: This is the &amp; of time the tester spends on the expected system features as opposed to unexpected parts of the system under test.&nbsp; </li><li>Expected Results: What is the test expected to achieve? What are the ideal results? </li><li>Actual Results: Self-explanatory.&nbsp;</li></ul>



Here is the link to  a downloadable charter: <a href="https://www.tmap.net/sites/tmap/files/2019-08/Template%20Exploratory%20testing%20charter%20Simple%20v1.docx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">https://www.tmap.net/sites/tmap/files/2019-08/Template%20Exploratory%20testing%20charter%20Simple%20v1.docx</a> 



<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



Test charters turn exploratory tests into a science and art. They provide direction without hampering creativity, so testers and projects get the best of both worlds. They are essential to rein in the unplanned nature of exploratory testing, and thus keep them on track (there is a real danger of the tester getting lost in exploring features beyond immediate requirements).&nbsp;



Use this article to create your first test charter. As you keep building more tests and corresponding charters, it will become simpler to predict and understand the needs of the team, customers, and other stakeholders. Consequently, creating mature, targeted test charters will be a simple task.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-an-exploratory-test-charter">What is an exploratory test charter?</h3>



An exploratory test charter is a document that details all the parameters, goals, and plans governing an exploratory test session. It mentions and discusses the feature under test, the premise/query, the required tool, possible risks, data dependencies, and expected results as well as deadlines.

What is a Test Charter Why Use It & How to Write One

What is a Test Charter? | Why Use It & How to Write One?

“ In June 2023, approximately 90 thousand mobile apps were released through the Google Play Store….. the highest number of app releases via Google Play Store was recorded in March 2019, with over 141 thousand apps released.”



<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1020956/android-app-releases-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Source</a>



With thousands of mobile apps being released every month, how do you know that the app your team is currently building (or is close to finishing) is good enough to compete? The same goes for websites and desktop applications.&nbsp;



You may have followed all the steps in the SDLC, but there’s more to software building than just following a manual. How do you know if your software makes the cut for its digital competitors? 



You use Comparison Testing.&nbsp;



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets">Table Of Contents<ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Comparison_Testing">1 What is Comparison Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#What_do_we_compare_in_Comparison_Testing">2 What do we compare in Comparison Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#When_to_perform_Comparison_Testing">3 When to perform Comparison Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Criteria_to_perform_Comparison_Testing">4 Criteria to perform Comparison Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Example_test_cases_for_Comparison_Testing">5 Example test cases for Comparison Testing</a></li><li><a href="#How_comparison_testing_can_help_the_business">6 How comparison testing can help the business?</a></li><li><a href="#Comparison_Testing_Advantagesnbsp">7 Comparison Testing Advantages&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#Disadvantages_of_Comparison_Testing">8 Disadvantages of Comparison Testing</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_perform_Comparison_Testing">9 How to perform Comparison Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Manual_Comparison_Testing">10 Manual Comparison Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion">11 Conclusion</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-comparison-testing">What is Comparison Testing?</h2>



Comparison testing is a testing technique that evaluates and compares a software product’s strengths and weaknesses to other similar products in the market. Of course, you can’t compare your application with literally every other in the domain, but you can certainly do so with the most popular ones.&nbsp;



Comparison tests can be performed on the entire software application, or one or more components – specific features, loading speed, database, security mechanisms, etc. What you decide to put through a comparison test depends on the software being judged, its use cases and its competitors.



Basically, comparison tests help the team and all stakeholders estimate if their software will be marketable and engagement-worthy after public release. It helps (to some extent) answer the question “What will users think of this app when we release it?”



The answers of comparison testing are used to determine if the software is ready to be pushed to prod…or if the team still needs to optimize and tweak it before considering a release.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-what-do-we-compare-in-comparison-testing">What do we compare in Comparison Testing?</h2>



Literally, anything.&nbsp;



You can use comparison tests to compare literally any aspect (functional or nonfunctional) of a software system to its competitors. Be it file contents, databases, authentication mechanisms, UI elements, operability, installation process, device/browser compatibility, aesthetics and even the app’s usability in different geographies. It is also advisable to run comparison tests on the software design, architecture, functionality, speed, storage, performance, and the like.&nbsp;



For instance, let’s say your app looks and works as well as your competitors…..in the US. When you run <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/geolocation-testing-how-can-i-test-my-website-in-different-locations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geolocation testing</a>, you find that the competitor is much faster when accessed from a user in The Netherlands. Your app, on the other hand, is slower to load, and seems to be missing some essential UI elements. 



Generally, QA teams run comparison tests in two phases. First, the app is tested against industry benchmarks. Second, the app is tested against specific features offered by competitor software systems.&nbsp;



Comparison test tools (like Testsigma) are designed to detect such discrepancies before an app hits production stage. Testers can even set up the tool so that it ignores or masks specific file sections. This lets them obscure the date or time stamps on a screen or field. If testers did not do this, the tool would always flag a discrepancy, because the date and time stamp will always be different from the expected results at the end of comparison.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-when-to-perform-comparison-testing">When to perform Comparison Testing</h2>



Honestly, this depends entirely on the nature of the software under development, and the team actually building it.&nbsp;



Given its nature, comparison testing has no hard-and-fast phase like regression testing. These tests can be performed at any point in the SDLC – early, middle or late stage. It can also be used to test individual components solo, or executed along with some other form of software testing.



Generally, comparison tests are run on different components at all stages of the SDLC. This is normal, considering that the software being built must be compared with competitors at every stage of functioning and for every single feature (as far and as feasibly as possible).&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-criteria-to-perform-comparison-testing">Criteria to perform Comparison Testing</h2>



The criteria for comparison testing is decided entirely by the nature of the software product and its relevant use cases. These are also the criteria for designing application and business-minded test cases in this regard.&nbsp;



Generally, comparison tests are bifurcated into two stages:



<ul><li>Comparing the software under development against known industry benchmarks – pages should load in 3 seconds, there should not be any text overlapping with UI elements, etc., all text should be snappy and brief, etc. </li><li>Comparing the software under development against specific features of one or more particular competing software products. </li></ul>



To explain this, let’s take the example of a test automation platform like Testsigma.&nbsp;



Most test automation tools will have a dashboard for single views of all tests, support for recording individual projects, some record and playback functions, a search function, a consistent, real-time image of the project’s Git and automatic report generation.&nbsp;



So, the first step is to test the application and check that it does, indeed, offer all the functions and abilities expected out of such a tool.&nbsp;



The questions to be asked here are:



<ul><li>Does the tool have all the modules expected from a test management solution?</li><li>Are all the modules functioning as expected?</li></ul>



These two primary questions will form the basis of all test scenarios created at this stage.&nbsp;



For the next stage, testers will pit their own app against features of other popular applications in the same domain. In out example, the QA team will study and compare the two applications on multiple metrics:



<ul><li>Price</li><li>Application performance</li><li>UI aesthetics and usability</li></ul>



At both stages, comparison tests are set up to identify potential discrepancies that can translate into business losses. This is done by choosing the right tool, and deploying apt test design and execution.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-example-test-cases-for-comparison-testing">Example test cases for Comparison Testing</h2>



Whether you’re building a web app, a mobile app, an ERP app or any other kind of software, it is highly recommended that you run comparison tests.&nbsp;



For this section, let’s continue with the “test automation tool” example. Here’s what some of the test cases for comparison testing will look like at the initial stage (comparing against industry benchmarks):



<ul><li>Is all test data stored in the app?</li><li>Does a new ticket automatically get triggered whenever a bug is flagged?</li></ul>



At the next stage (comparing against specific applications), the test cases would look more like this:



<ul><li>Can the application handle the maximum traffic load?</li><li>Can the application work as well as its competitors under limited internet connectivity?</li><li>Are there any flaws with the app’s integration with third-party software?</li><li>Is the price comparable to its competitors?</li><li>Does it look at least as good as its competitors?</li><li>Is it as navigable, intuitive and easy to use as its competitors?</li></ul>



The more <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/what-is-test-case/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test cases</a> you can innovate and craft, the more your chances of identifying bugs, anomalies, and functional issues. 



<h2 id="h-how-comparison-testing-can-help-the-business">How comparison testing can help the business?</h2>



<ul><li>Helps determine if the app being built is marketable and worth the investment.</li><li>Helps determine gaps in functionality, which leads to optimization, bug fixed and improved product quality.&nbsp;</li><li>Helps make a software product, durable, competitive and actually useful to end-users.&nbsp;</li><li>Helps stakeholders make decisions about the release-readiness of a product. It won’t be ready for prod until QAs run detail comparison tests.&nbsp;</li><li>Helps businesses avoid the backlash, credibility and revenue loss that would have come from releasing software that hasn’t been evaluated against its competitors.&nbsp;</li><li>Helps gain learnings about user preferences and market dynamics. When a team knows what users like and what the market responds to, they will be better equipped to create a more desirable, marketable piece of software.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-comparison-testing-advantages">Comparison Testing Advantages&nbsp;</h2>



<ul><li>Helps assess <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/software-quality-management/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">software quality</a> in relation to competitors and industry standards. </li><li>Helps judge the usability, performance and user-friendliness of any software. </li><li>Helps evaluate a product’s actual competitive value in digital marketing. </li><li>Identifies areas of improvement that must be addressed before product release. </li><li>Helps understand a software app’s desirability in the market, which is instrumental for creating future development, and even marketing strategies. </li><li>Helps assess estimated portability of the products. </li><li>Helps create a product that actually stands a chance of being profitable. </li><li>Helps establish if a software system is bug-free (classic testing). </li><li>Helps answer the question “Do all components fit and work together seamlessly?”</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-disadvantages-of-comparison-testing">Disadvantages of Comparison Testing</h2>



<ul><li>If your competitors are performing comparison tests against your publicly released products, your offerings’ weaknesses may become visible to them. </li><li>If comparison tests are performed towards the end of the SDLC, any bugs might be incredibly difficult to eliminate. In fact, making any changes at this point would be a Herculean effort for devs. It may also seriously delay a product launch. </li><li>Making changes to software products based on comparison testing may disrupt existing functions – ones already working well. So, QA teams have to pair up comparison testing with regression testing, requiring more time, effort and human hours. </li><li>After making changes to the code based on the results of comparison testing, testers will also have to run black box testing, white box testing, integration testing, performance testing, security testing and more to validate the application’s stability before release. </li><li>From the business POV, if comparison tests reveal glaring issues in the software system, it might dissuade the client from investing in it completely.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-perform-comparison-testing">How to perform Comparison Testing</h2>



An easy way to perform comparison testing is to work with a control group of potential end-users for your product. Get a control group of your target audience, and have them compare multiple aspects of both applications (yours vs. your competitors’) side by side.&nbsp;



The testers (users) can then rank each aspect of each app. Add up the ranks to get the overall score, and zero in on specific features to find areas for improvement.&nbsp;



If you’re curious, here are some questions that can be used for user-facing comparison tests:



<ul><li>Do you (the user) prefer the (UI feature) for option A (your app) or option B (competitor app)?</li><li>Do you (the user) prefer the (non functional aspect like image or text) for option A (your app) or option B (competitor app)?</li><li>Do you (the user) get more satisfaction out of this process ( any user flow – to purchase something, for example) for option A (your app) or option B(competitor app)?</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-manual-comparison-testing">Manual Comparison Testing</h2>



The process described in the previous section describes…you guessed it…manual comparison testing. This is quite useful for user-facing features like UI, aesthetics, load speed, etc. It is also important for getting users’ true impressions of the software.&nbsp;



In its manual avatar, comparison testing can actually be considered as user acceptability testing. In both cases, the QA team is listening to the user about their opinions of the software…which is the only thing that will truly determine its profitability (or lack thereof).&nbsp;



Note: It is not possible to comprehensively test any multi-featured, modern-day app with manual testing alone. For comparison testing on the levels of performance, integration (with third party apps), performance across locations, and other essential functionalities, QAs are better off choosing a tool for automated testing. Try an automation tool like Testsigma that is set up for (among others) comparison. Notably. Testsigma offers access to hundreds of real devices (mobile and desktop) and browsers. That means your QA team can view how the app behaves in the hands of real end-users using their device of choice to use the app from a specific location.&nbsp;



Since the user journey and experience can be replicated on a test workstation, you can see how the app would behave in the real world with ease and accuracy.&nbsp;



 <button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Learn how to automate your tests with Testsigma</a></button> 



Second Note: Just because you automate globalization tests does not mean you cut human testers out of the equation. Human testers are mandatory to create <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/test-script/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test scripts</a>, supervise the tests, analyze reports and make final approvals and decisions about software quality. Human testers are non-negotiable. 



<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



In a world of dog-eat-dog competition, no brand, company, or team can afford to leave things to chance. Software products can no longer be released willy-nilly into the world, powered by the hope that it will bring profits.&nbsp;



Instead, comparison testing provides a legitimate, reliable way of estimating an app’s success potential. By checking how your software fares against its competitors, competitors give developers and business stakeholders a fighting chance to release the best possible – one that pleases users and profit margins alike.&nbsp;

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